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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Trepanation?
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A hole is drilled in the skull to cure various diseases and disorder (letting out the spirits)
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Andreas Vesalius
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-Wrote the first neuroscience text(anatomy)
-Invented the first light microscope |
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Helmoltz
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-An electrical current through a frogs dead leg to stimulate it
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Broca area
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-Speaking region of the left hemisphere(left frontal lobe) of the brain.
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Carl Wernicke
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-Left upper part of the lobe is the area for langage
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Arcuate fasciculi
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-Fiber bundle connecting Broca's and Wernicke's are
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William James
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-Taught brain anatomy
-Went to Harvard and is known as a psychologist and philosopher -Dr. Mosso, found a way to measure blood pressure |
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John B. Watson
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-Consciousness is nothing but the soul theology and therefore unscientific
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Camillo Golgi
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-Created a stain(gold chloride) that would allow people to see certain neurons to stand out clearly under the microscope
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The goal of vision
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To know what is where
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Visual features
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Color, texture, motion, orientation, stereoscopic depth
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Cones
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-color-selective, less sensitive to dim light, and important for detailed color vision in the daylight
-contains one or two photopigment -paced into the fovea |
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Photopigment
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specialized proteins that are sensitive to different wavelength to light
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fovea
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the central part of the retina that we use to look directly at objects to perceive their fine details
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Rods
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A different photopigment that is much more sensitive to low levels of light
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Photoreceptor stages
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neurons, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, then amacrine cells before they reach the ganglion cells
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receptive field
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the visual field that can activate or strongly inhibit the response of the cell
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Lateral inhibition
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the activity of a neuron may be inhibited by input coming from neuron that respond to neighboring regions of the visual field
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Efficient neuron coding
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only a small number of neurons that need to be active at any time to represent a particular visual stimuli
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Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
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-structure in the thalamus
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V1
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-Orientation, disparity, some color
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V4
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-Color, basic 2D and 3D shapes, curvature
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VCT
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-Complex features and objects
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Ventral visual pathway
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-Important for object recognition
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Area MT
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-important for motion perception
-Depth |
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Lateral occipital complex
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object recognition and responds strongly to a variety of shapes and objects.
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Fusiform face area (FFA)
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Responds more strongly to faces than just to about any other category of object
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Hierarchical theory
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-Consciousness is organized in a hierarchical fashion with increasingly higher visual area being more closely related to our internal conscious experience
-Higher visual areas respond to more complex stimuli, such as entire objects and can integrate information about many visual features |
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Interactive theory
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Signals to the brain do not travel up the visual hierarchy: higher visual areas send feedback signals back down to early visual areas
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Absolute threshold
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the lowest detectable level of sound in the absence of any other sounds
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Decibel (dB)
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A unit of sound level. The level difference between two sounds in dB is equal to 10 time the natural logarithm of radio of the two intensities
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Pure Tone
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A sound with sinusoidal variation in pressure over time
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Waveform
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The waveform of a sound is the pattern of the pressure variation over time
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Frequency
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the number of period of a sound wave in a given time measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz)
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Spectrum
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The distribution across frequency of the pure tone component that make up a sound wave
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Fundamental frequency
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the repetition rate of the waveform of a complex tone
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Harmonics
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The pure tone frequency components that make up a complex tone
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Pinna
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-the cartilaginous flap that protrudes from the side of the head.
-localize sound -collects sounds and amplifies |
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Ossicles
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-vibration of the eardrum carried through the middle ear by three tiny bone
-Malleus, incus, and stapes |
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Cochlea
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-narrow, fluid-filled tube, coiled up into a spiral
-pressure variation are converted, or transduced, into electrical activity in neurons of the auditory nerve |
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Basilar membrane
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-thin and stiff and is most sensitive to high-frequency pure-toned components
-Tuned |
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Phase locking
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the tendency of an auditory neuron to fire at a particular time (or phase) during each cycle of vibration on the basilar membrane
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Loudness
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the perceived magnitude of sound
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Pitch
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the aspect of sensation whose variation is assimilated with musical melody
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Rate place code
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Frequency is coded by the place on the basillar membrane that is active
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Temporal code
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Frequency is coded by the pattern of phase-locking firing in the auditory nerve
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Pattern recognition theory
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The resolved harmonics
form a pattern that is characteristic of any fundamental frequency. If harmonics of 300, 400, and 500 Hz are present, the auditory system can deduce that the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz. This mechanism requires that the harmonics are resolved, so that their frequencies can be independently determined. |
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Temporal theory
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Pitch may be derived directly from the
repetition rate of the waveform produced by the interacting unresolved harmonics. |
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Resolved harmonic
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alow-numbered harmonic of a complex tone that can be separated out by the auditory system.
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Interaural time differences
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A sound to the right arrives at the right ear before the left ear.
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Interaural level differences
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A sound to the right is more intense in the right ear.
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Interaural time difference
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a difference between the arrival times of a sound wave at the two ears.
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Interaural time difference
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a difference between the arrival times of a sound wave at the two ears.
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Onset times
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Sound components that start together come from the same source
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Harmonicity
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Sound components that are harmonically related (i.e., from a single
harmonic series) come from the same source. It is much easier to separate two voices if the fundamental frequencies are different (Culling & Darwin, 1993). |
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Auditory scene analysis
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the
perceptual organisation of sounds according to the sound sources that are producing them. |
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timbre
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the sensation relating to the spectral and
temporal features that help characterise different instruments |
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Odor threshold
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Identify the concentration at which at which animals respond 50 percent of the time to repeated presentations of an odorant
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Detection threshold
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Identifies the concentration at which 50 percent of a human panel can identify the presence of an odor or odorant without characterizing the stimulus
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Recognition threshold
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Concentration at which 50 percent of the human panel can identify the odorant or odor
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odor adaption
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process by which one becomes accustomed to an odor
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Odor classification
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ethereal, camphoraceous, musky, floral, minty, pungent, putrid
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5 taste
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salty, sweet, bitter, umami, sour
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Haptic
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Touch technology which is to be able to stimulate any shape, texture, or sensation.
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preferential looking (PL) technique
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two stimuli are presented and then they watch where the babies are are looking
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Spontaneous looking preference
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they like to look at certain types of stimuli
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Visual evoked potential (VEP)
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acuity has been measured using the preferential looking technique and by measuring an electrical response
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Acuity
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sharpness of vision or hearing or quickness of thoughts
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Pure tone
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sound with energy at a single frequency
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Complex tone
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sounds with energy at multiple frequency
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Amplitude
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magnitude of change in a wave
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Period of cycle
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time for one cycle to occur
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Frequency
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Number of cycle per unit time
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Anosmia
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inability to smell
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aqusia
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inability to taste
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Filiform papillae
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cone shaped & found all over the tongue (which is why tongues look rough)
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Fungiform papillae
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mushroom shaped & found at the tip and sides of the tongue
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Foliate papillae
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a series of folds along the sides of the tongue
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Circumvallate papillae
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shaped like flat mounds surrounded by a trench & found at the back of the tongue
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Mechanoreceptor
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Touch
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Thermorecptor
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-Heat
-located throughout the body near the skin -Can code absolute and relative temperature -warmth and cold receptors |
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Nocireceptor
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-pain
-located in the skin, conea, bladder, anyoteric pain can be felt -surpisingly, non in the brain itslef |
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Propioception
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Body sense info about the body, skin, muscle, tendons, veibular system
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Kinesthesis
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sense of the position of the body
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Markel's disk
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-found between the epidermis and dermis
-found in clusters of 4-10 receptor -specialize in sensory steady pressure from small object and vibraation -slow adapting |
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Meissner
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-Btween the epidermis and dermis
-in lipis, eyelids, gentitilia nipples and palm -light touch -fast adapting |
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Ruffini
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-Deeper in the dermis
-High level of neural convigene -Sense stretching figers postions and movement -slow adapting |
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Pacinian corpuscle
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-Deep in the dermis
-large -fast adapting -extremely sensitive -poor spitial resolution |
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Somatosensory cortex
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Sensory stystem in the brain related to touch
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Four types of nocireceptor
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-Thermal: protect against burn
-Mechanical:protect against excess pressure, also response to cuts on the skin -chemical:respond to spicer -Sleeping: only respond once injust has occurred |
