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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is self-awareness? When do children gain this knowledge? |
knowledge of one-self; individual separate from others age of 12 months-2 years |
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What are the 4 M's that relate to self-awareness? |
Metamemory, metaemotions, metacognition, metalinguistic awareness |
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What was the Rouge Test? |
Infant's nose is colored w/red If they rub it off - they understand it is on their face; meaning - see themselves as individual |
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What is based on eastern/Asian culture; philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence? |
collectivist orientation |
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What is individualist orientation? What are examples of it in western culture and Asian culture? |
U.S.; philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual Western - "squeaky wheel gets the grease" Asian - "nail that stands out gets pounded on" |
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what is an identity or set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals? |
"I am a good runner" self-concept? |
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What is when minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people? |
Race-dissonance
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What do cognitive advances, emotional advances, motor control advances, societal expectations describe? |
identity development
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True or False: Adolescents' sense of who they are only takes others' views into account |
False: it takes their own and others' views into account |
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What is Eirkson's Identity-versus-identity-confusion entail? What age? |
teens - try to find what makes them special -13-20's |
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What are 3 things that occur for adolescents during the Identity-versus-identity-confusion stage? |
1.try on different roles - personal, occupational, sexual, political 2. point out who they don't want to be 3. succeed= identity |
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What is psychological moratorium? What is an example? |
differing identity; adolescents take time off from responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles and possibilities semester off to travel |
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What does Marcias define crisis as? |
period of identity development in which an adolescent consciously chooses b/t various alternation and makes decisions |
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What does Marcias define commitment as? |
psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology |
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What are the 4 categories of adolescent identity? |
1. Identity achievement 2. Identity foreclosure 3.moratorium 4. Identity diffusion |
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What is the cultural assimilation model? What is an example? |
-individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified culture in U.S. -the melting pot of US |
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What is the pluralistic society model? |
rail and ethic factors become a central part of adolescents' identity and are not submerged in an attempt to assimilate into the majority culture |
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How much has bicultural identity increased from 2000 to 2010 |
increased 134% |
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What is racial and ethnic identity? |
the sense of membership in a racial or ethnic group and the feeling that are associated with that membership |
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What is bicultural identity? |
people who identify themselves as belonging to more than one race |
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What are the 5 main components to self-concept? |
1. developmental stage 2. life experience 3. heredity and culture 4. health status 5. stress and coping |
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What is the definition of self-esteem? At what age does it start to decline? |
An individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation; emotion oriented Age 12 |
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What are self-concepts? Give an example |
beliefs and cognitions about the self "I am good at piano" |
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At what age of self-esteem reflect simple views of themselves? Give an example of something a child would say at this age |
age of 7 "I am good at all things mostly" or opp. |
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When does self-esteem increase in areas and decrease in others? |
middle school |
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At what age is there a decline in self-esteem? What is this due to? |
Age 12 school transitions, chronically low self-esteem |
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True or false: children w/ high self-esteem have more positive expectations and lower anxiety and higher motivation |
True |
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What is the authoritative child-rearing style? |
warm, emotionally supportive; key to best self-esteem |
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What children come out of punitive and controlling parents? |
children untrustworthy and can't make good decisions |
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What children come out of highly indulgent parents? |
Parents give false praise; ideal self versus real self |
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What areas help children grow comfort with their identity? |
self concept (Rachel Doezal) gender identity labels |
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True or False: higher SES - higher self-esteem |
True |
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What is minority status? What is it made up of? |
race (not real; socialized construct), ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion political affiliation, marital status, age, weight, height |
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What does a strong sense of racial identity lead to? |
High self-esteem |
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How well do immigrant children usually do in society? |
Well b/c societies emphasize collectivism = success |
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What is ethgender? |
joint influence of race and gender |
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What is the social identity theory? |
minority groups feel negative views from majority group if they can't see a way to bridge the gap b/t their power and status |
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What is social comparison? Who constructed the idea? |
desire to evaluate one's behavior, abilities expertise, and opinions by comparing them to others; generally most positive Leon Festinger (1954) |
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What is social reality? |
understanding that is derived from how others act, think, feel , and view the world |
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What is downward social comparison? give an example |
protects children's elf-esteem; thinking of who does worst than them; they feel better |
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What is the importance of peer groups? |
reference groups (nerds, jocks, preps, ect.), parents cannot provide this |
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What is narcissism? |
high, but unjustified self-esteem |
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What is the relationship b/t self-esteem and academic performance? Two ways to look at it. |
1. higher self-esteem = good grades 2. good grades = higher self esteem |
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What are reference groups? |
groups of people with whom on e compares oneself; teens comparing each other |
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What is adolescence? |
time of experimentation |
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1. hide identity to "fit" in 2. black people more afraid of black people than white 3. minorities have to defend themselves when someone of their group does something wrong 4. blaming a groups for the bad things 5. history repeating itself - Jews (Holocaust), Japanese, Muslims 6. minorities = more psy. problems; more stress and more judging from others |
What is the minority stress model? What are the 6 main components of it? |
