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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Socrates and Plato
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mind separate from body
think with hearts, feel with bowels |
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Rene Descartes
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brain fluid was soul/spirit
spirit flowed through nerves to muscles, creating movement memories/experiences opened pores in brain for more spirits |
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Francis Bacon
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observed how humans tried to reason things
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John Locke
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observed how humans reason things more than necessary
empiricism |
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empiricism
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the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation
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structuralism
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an early school of psy. that used reflection of one's own mind to explore human nature
ineffective because it required smart, verbal people and results were unreliable |
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Willhelm Wundt
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established the first psy. labratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
structuralism introspection |
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functionalism
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a school of psy. that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function
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William James
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founder of functionalism
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psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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nature-nurture issue
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the controversy of whether genes or experiences cause behavior
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behavior
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what an organism does
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mental processes
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experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, dreams, beliefs)
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Nurture works on what...
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...nature has already given
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Neuroscience
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How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
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Basic research
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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applied research
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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Clinical psy
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
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psychiatry
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a branch of medicine dealing with pyschological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide drug treatments
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hindsight bias
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the tendancy to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it
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theory
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an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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hypothesis
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a testable prediction, often implied by theory
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operational definition
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a statement of the procedures used to deine research variables
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replication
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repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations
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scientific method
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Theories
Hypothesis Research A self-correcting process for asking questions and observing answers |
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case study
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an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal priniciples
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survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
wording can affect results of same poll |
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population
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all cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study
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random sample
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each memeber has an equal chance of inclusion
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naturalistic observation
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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating and controling the situation
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Structuralist (person)
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Willhelm Wundt
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introspection
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looking within; training people to look into their own minds
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functionalist (person)
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William James
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Behaviorists (2 people)
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Watson and Skinner
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Unconscious Mind
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part of the mind below awareness
hypnosis and dream interpretation freud |
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free associations
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talk about whatever comes into mind
freud |
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cognition
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thoughts, mental proceses
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Three goals of psychology
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to accurately describe and measure behavior and mental processes
to predict, control and influence to explain using theories and hypothesis |
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positive correlation
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as one variable changes (increase, decreases) the other variable change in the same way
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negative correlation
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as one variable changes (increases, decreases) the other variable changes in the opposite way
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correlation indicates...
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...possibility, not fact
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Illusory correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exists
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experiment
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a research to observe the effect of behavior and mental processes
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placebo
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an inert substance or condition that may be administered instead of presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterise the active agent
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double-blind procedure
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an experiment procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the participants have recieved the treatment
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placebo effect
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any effect on behavior caused by a placebo
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experimental condition
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the condition of an experience that exposes participants to the treatment
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control condition
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the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
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random assignment
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assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance
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independant variable
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the experimental variable that is manipulated
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dependant variable
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the variable that is not controled
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Experiments enable researchers to learn by...
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manipulating the factors of interest
controling other factors |
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descriptive experiment
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to observe and record behavior
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correlational experiment
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to detect naturally occuring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another
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experimental experiment
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to explore cause and effect
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steps for experimenting on people
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obtain the informed consent of potential participants
protect them from harm and discomfort fully explain the research afterwards universities screen research proposals and see that they meet regulations |
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chromosomes
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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes
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DNA
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a complex molecule containing genetic information
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genes
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the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing protien.
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gene complexes
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many genes acting in concert and influencing human traits
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natural selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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mutation
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a random error in gene replication
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evolutionary psy
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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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gender
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in psy, the characteristics (whether biologically or socially influenced) by which people define male and female
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behavior genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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environment
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every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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temperment
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a person's characteristic emotional activity and intensity
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norm
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior
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personal space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
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role
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a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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gender role
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a set of expected behaviors for males and females
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gender identity
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one's sense of being male or female
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gender-typing
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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
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gender schema theory
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the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
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trivial truth
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the truth is true and the opposite is false
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great truth
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the truth is true and the opposite is also true
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