Psy Exam 2 - Ch. 5

Front 1

Describe the process of prenatal development

Back 1

1. sperm cells surround ovum

2. sperm penetrate egg with jellylike coating

3. chemical event cause sperm+egg to fuse into single cell

4. development commences

Front 2

zygotes are

Back 2

mature eggs

Front 3

zygotes become

Back 3

fetus

Front 4

teratogens

Back 4

harmful agents like viruses or drugs that ↑ risk/problems later in life

Front 5

good nutrition in pregnancy give children...

Back 5

higher IQ

Front 6

William James

Back 6

a behaviorist that believe newborns come with automatic responses suited for survival

ex: touch infants cheek, they think its nipple for feeding

Front 7

habituation

Back 7

simple form of learning that occurs when an organism shows a decrease in response to some stimulus after repeated presentation of stimulus (they get bored and decrease interest)

Front 8

maturation

Back 8

biologically programmed growth process

Front 9

what guides motor development

Back 9

genes

Front 10

cognition

Back 10

refers to all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Front 11

infantile amnesia

Back 11

earliest memories seldom predate our third birthday

Front 12

Jean Piaget

Back 12

-psychologist devoted his career to understand how cognition develops

-core idea: child's mind develops thru a series of stages and driving force of cognitive development is our unceasing desire to make sense of our experiences

Front 13

Piaget's theory include

schema,

assimilation,

accommodation...

Back 13

schema: mental model of something in world

assimilation: process of interpreting experiences in terms of our schemas

accommodation: process of adjusting schemas

Front 14

Piaget was more interested in kids ___ answers than their ___ answers

Back 14

incorrect

correct

Front 15

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

list 4 stages

Back 15

sensorimotor

preoperational

concrete operational

formal operational

Front 16

sensorimotor + age + developmental phenomena

Back 16

-birth to 2

-experiencing world through senses and actions (looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping)

-object permanence, stranger anxiety

Front 17

preoperational + age + developmental phenomena

Back 17

- 2 to 7

- representing things with words and images; using intuitive rather than logical reasoning

- pretend play, egocentrism

Front 18

concrete operational + age + developmental phenomena

Back 18

- 7 to 11

- thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations

- conservation, mathematical transformations

Front 19

formal operational + age + developmental phenomena

Back 19

- 12 thru adulthood

- abstract reasoning

-abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

Front 20

object permanence

Back 20

awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived (when hidden)

Front 21

Karen Wynn

Back 21

found that infants are capable of very primitive math

Front 22

steps for Karen Wynn's primitive math

Back 22

1. objects placed in case

2. screen comes up

3. empty hand enters

4. one object removed

possible outcome:

1. screen drops, revealing 1 object

impossible outcome:

2. screen drops, revealing 2 objects

Front 23

Karen Wynn's possible outcome

Back 23

screen drops revealing 1 object

Front 24

Karen Wynn's impossible outcome

Back 24

screen drop revealing 2 objects

Front 25

example of basic mental operations that piaget believed

Back 25

-incapable until 7 years old

-children lack the concept of conservation (principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape)

Front 26

conservation

Back 26

principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Front 27

egocentric

Back 27

children have difficulty perceiving the world from another's point of view

(what do you see, what does the doll see?)

Front 28

what stage of piaget's when you can grasp concept of conservation and develop mental ability to understand mathematical transformations?

Back 28

concrete operational

Front 29

what stage of piaget's when you expand from concrete to abstract thinking?

Back 29

formal operational

Front 30

attachment is the bond that

Back 30

keeps infants close to their caregivers immediately after birth

(monkey cloth doll and feeding doll)

Front 31

secure

insecure

avoidant

Back 31

clingy to mom (good)

cry because you know that person provides your needs for you but once you come back they don't care, as long as you're not gone (super anxious)

don't care that you're gone

Front 32

adolescence begins with

Back 32

puberty - when hormones trigger physcial changes

& primary sex characterics

(reproductive organs & genitalia)

& secondary sex characteristics

(breasts & lowering voice)

Front 33

morality

Back 33

discerning right from wrong and developing character

(huge mile stone)

Front 34

Lawrence Kohlberg

Back 34

moral reasoning develops through a series of stages: preconventional morality, conventional moraltiy, postformal/postconventional morality

Front 35

preconventional morality (Lawrence Kohlberg)

Back 35

children obey rules to avoid punishment and gain rewards

Front 36

conventional morality (Lawrence Kohlberg)

Back 36

adolescence - they follow rules simply because they are rules

Front 37

postformal/postconventional morality (Lawrence Kohlberg)

Back 37

eventually judge actions based on well-developed set of ethical principles

Front 38

identity

Back 38

self definition that unifies the various selves into a sonsistent and comfortable sense of who one is

Front 39

when is the time that you diminish parental influence and grow peer influence

Back 39

adolescence

Front 40

highest peak age range for physical abilities

Back 40

mid 20s

Front 41

when does sensory abilities decline

(ex)

Back 41

-in later adulthood

-lens become less dense, light cant reach retina, cant see OR presbycusis

Front 42

presbycusis

Back 42

loss of sensitivity to high pitched tones and cause difficulty in comprehending speech

Front 43

young adults and old adults memorizing names, who does better

Back 43

young adults

Front 44

fluid intelligence

and it ___

Back 44

tests of abstract reasoning where prior experience is of no benefit

↓ with age

Front 45

crystallized intelligence

and it ___

Back 45

tests that tap out accumulated knowledge

↑ with age

Front 46

what kind of activity boost cognitive functioning in older adults

Back 46

physical activity, especially aerobic exercise

Front 47

parents are most satisfied with their life when their kids...

Back 47

move out --- empty nest & retirement

Front 48

in males mid 40's...

Back 48

there is not midlife crisis evidence

males are emotionally more stable during this time

Front 49

well being graph

Back 49

states no huge decline in happiness

when you're older you reflect and wonder why you were so stressed for nothing

Front 50

successful aging include 3 influences

Back 50

- biological influences

- psychological influences

-social-cultural influences

Front 51

biological influences

Back 51

-no genetic propensity for Alzheimer's or other disease

-neural changes that hinder negative thinking

-appropriately meeting nutritional needs

Front 52

psychological influences

Back 52

-optimistic outlook

-physically and mentally active

Front 53

social-cultural influences

Back 53

-support from family and friends

-access to meaningful work or activities

-positive expectations of the surrounding culture

-stable and safe living conditions