Psy 263 Exam 2

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IRB

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Institutional review board, reviews plan in order to do research in psych

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national institutes of health (NIH)

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largest funder of bio-medical/behavioral research, supervises research with guides/codes, calls the shots

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informed consent

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inform volunteer about procedures before experiment

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justifications for animal research

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understand animal nervous systems and behavior, animals make good models for humans with less complex organism and patterns of behavior, certain experiments cannot be done on humans because ethics, most understanding of human diseases/disorders and most drug treatments from animal research

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arguments against animal research

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unknown if animals have a consciousness similar to humans,

animals may not be the best models for research because differences,

assumes a hierarchy of values among animals - humans TOP DOG F**K YEAH!!!!!,

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biggest agency for animal care in research

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NIH, also

society for neuroscience, american veterinary medical association (AMVA), institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

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two disorders benefited from post-mortem exam

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broca's aphasia and Parkinson's disease

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non-intrusive, anatomical methods of human research

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x-ray,

CAT scan,

MRI: Images of the brain

fMRI: examines blood flow and oxygen in brain

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electrical non-intrusive methods of human research

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EEG: brain waves,

ECG/EKG: heart activity,

EMG: muscle activity,

GSR: skin conductance

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behavioral pharmacology

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administer drugs, assess behavior in animals

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lesions

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damage to brain area, assess behavior

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voltammetry

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make chemical measurements in brain

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electrophysiology

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record action potentials in brain during behavior

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affinity

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binds to the receptor

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efficacy

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mimics effect of neurotransmitter

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direct agonists

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binds to and mimics effect of neurotransmitter (LSD - serotonin)

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antagonists

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binds and does not have effect, prevents neurotransmitter effect (anti-psychotics with dopamine)

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indirect agonists

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increases neurotransmission via mechanism, does not have affinity,

increases amount of neurotransmitters made,

does not interact with the receptor

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tolerance

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reduced effect of drug with repeated consumption, often because of brain/body homeostasis (adaption)

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withdrawal symptoms

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usually opposite effect of drug in physical symptoms,

drug taking behavior negatively reinforced (escape from aversive stimuli)

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psychological dependence

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abstinence leads to craving

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opiates

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effects: pain relief, drowsiness, euphoria

direct agonists for enkaphalins and endorphins

produce psychological/physical dependence

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cocaine/amphetamines

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effects: increase alertness/energy, feeling of well being, decreased appetite and need for sleep, hyperactivity, psychosis

indirect agonists - block reuptake of dompamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

psychological dependence greater than physical (bob saget blowing guys for coke)

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ethanol

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effects: increased sociability, euphoria, gait disturbance, increased reaction time, impaired mental/motor skills, coma, respiratory depression, death

CNS depressant, inhibitory effects on neurons - behavior excitation after low doses due to lowered behavior inhibitions

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depressants (barbiturates)

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decrease CNS activity

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nicotine

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acts as direct agonist at receptor for acetylcholine

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hallucinigens

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indole compounds; chemically related to serotonin;

effects: altered perception, synthesia (mixing of sensory info), altered sense of time, excitement, grandiose thinking, paranoia, anxiety, fear, panic (bad trip)

includes DMT and magic mushrooms

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LSD

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activates sympathetic nervous system; flashbacks

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marijuana

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THC - agonist at cannabinoid receptors, very lipid soluble -> into brain quickly; very long half-life

effects: increased heart rate, red eyes, dry mouth, initial stimulation/excitement, desire to laugh, distortion in space/time, increased appetite, impaired attention/memory/cognition/complicated tasks, hallucinations

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homeostasis steps

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1) system variable (the what) 2) set point (ideal) 3) detector (where/how much) 4) correctional mechanism

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median preoptic area

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hypothalamus; initiates drinking

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osmotic thirst

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increased ion concentration in body fluids, initiates thirst

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decreased blood volume

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volumetric or hypovolemic thirst

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fats (triglycerides)

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long-term storage when fatty acid/glycerol not needed

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three factors for signaling hunger

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social factors/environment, decrease in blood glucose (glucoprivic hunger) detected by brain/liver, decrease in blood fatty acids (lipoprivic hunger) detected by liver

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lateral hypothalamus

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stimulates hunger, person will starve if destroyed

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paraventricular nucleus

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in hypothalamus, stimulates eating

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neuropeptide y

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neurotransmitter that stimulates eating

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ghrelin

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stomach peptide that acts like a hormone that stimulates hunger

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four signals for stopping eating

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knowledge/sensory info, stomach nutrient receptors, intestinal nutrient receptors, leptin secretion

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leptin

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protein, secreted by fat tissue that acts as hormone that signals full feeling

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ventromedial hypothalamus

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stimulate - no eating, destroy huge eating

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primary tastes

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salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umani

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stages of reproduction

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zygote, embryo, fetus

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mullerian system

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female hormone system (default), produces uterus, fimbira, fallopian tubes, inner 2/3 of vagina

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wolffian system

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male hormone system

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two hormones required to stop female development

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anti-mullerian hormone, androgens

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androgens

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testosterone, DHT, cause of male development

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androgen intensivity syndrome (XY)

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faulty androgen receptor; externally female; anti-mullerian homrone works; androgens do NOT work

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persistent mullerian duct syndrome (XY)

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externally male; no anti-mullerian hormone/no receptors for it; true hermaphrodites

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turners syndrome (Xo)

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internal organs female, no ovaries

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puberty in males

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testes release androgens (testosterone and DHT); produce sperm; ejaculation possible

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female puberty

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ovaries release estrogens (estradiol and progesterone); menstruation begins; breasts enlarge

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neural circuits for sexual behavior

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males and females: medial preoptic area and medial amygdala

females: ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus

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activation effects of hormones in males

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testosterone highest 15-25 years old; castration decreases interest/activity

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activation effects of hormones in females

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sexual activity related to mentrual cycle, menstrual synchrony

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hormones and non-sexual behavior in males

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visual-spatial tasks; math ability; aggressiveness

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hormones and non-sexual behavior in females

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verbal skills; fine motor movements

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leVay's hypothalamus studies

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INAH-3 were similar in size with females and gay males (men usually have larger nuclei)