Psy Chs 8,10,11

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

mental activity such as thinking or representing info.

Front 2

Analogical representaion

Back 2

a mental representaion that has some of the physicll characteristics of an object

Front 3

symbolic representaton

Back 3

an absrtact mental representation that doesnt correspond to the physucal features of an object or idea

Front 4

concept

Back 4

a mentalrepresentation that groups or categorizes objects, events, ir relations around commmon themes

Front 5

defining sttribute model

Back 5

the idea that a concept is characterized by a list of features that are necessary to determine if an object is a member of a category

Front 6

prototype model

Back 6

an approach to object categorization that is based on the premise that within each category, some members are more representative than others

Front 7

deductive reasoning

Back 7

a form of reasoning in which logic is used to draw a specific conclusion from given premises

Front 8

inductive reasoning

Back 8

a form a reasoning in which we develop general rules after observing specific instances

Front 9

heuristics

Back 9

in problem solving,shortcuts used to minimize the amount of thinking that must be done when moving from step to step in a solution space

Front 10

availability heuristic

Back 10

making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Front 11

representativeness heuristic

Back 11

a rule for categorization based on how similar the person or object is to our prototypes for that category

Front 12

confirmation bias

Back 12

a tendency to search for and believe evidence that fits our existing views

Front 13

framing

Back 13

the effects of presentation on how info is percieved

Front 14

insight

Back 14

the realization of a solution to a problem

Front 15

restructuring

Back 15

a new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution

Front 16

mental set

Back 16

a problem solving strategy that has worked in the past

Front 17

functional fixedness

Back 17

a tendency in a prob. solving to think of objects only as they are most commonly used

Front 18

intelligence

Back 18

the human ability to use knowledge, solve probs., understand complex ideas,learn quickly, and adpat to environmental challanges

Front 19

mental age

Back 19

an assessment of a childs intellectual standing relative to that of his of her peers; determined by a comparison of the childs test score w the avg. score for children of ea. chronological age

Front 20

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Back 20

the number computed by dividing a childs estimated mental age by the gilds chronological age, and then multiplying this number by 100

Front 21

general intelligence (g)

Back 21

the idea that one general factor underlies all mental abilities

Front 22

fluid intelligence

Back 22

info. processing in novel or complex circumstances

Front 23

crystallized intelligence

Back 23

knowledge acquired through experience and the ability to use that knowledge

Front 24

multiple intelligences

Back 24

the idea that people can show different skills in a variety of different domains

Front 25

emotional intelligence (EQ)

Back 25

a form of social intelligence that emphasizes the ability to percieve, undersatnd, manage, and use emotions to guide thoughts and actions

Front 26

emotion

Back 26

feelings that involve subjective evaluation, physiological processes, and cognitive beliefs

Front 27

mood

Back 27

a diffuse and long-lasting emotional state that influences rather than interrupts thought and behavior

Front 28

stress

Back 28

a pattern of behavioral and physiological responses to events that match or exceed and organisms abilities

Front 29

health psychology

Back 29

the field of psychological science concerned w events that affect physical well-being

Front 30

display rules

Back 30

cultural rules that govern how and when emotions are exhibited

Front 31

somatic markers

Back 31

bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an actions consequences

Front 32

guilt

Back 32

a negative emotional state assoc. w an internal experience of anxiety, tension, and agitation, in which a person feels responsible for causing an adverse state

Front 33

alexithymia

Back 33

a disorder involving a lack of the subjectuve experience of emotion

Front 34

primary emotions

Back 34

evolutionary adaptive emotions that humans share across cultures; they are assoc. w specific biological and physical states

Front 35

secondary emotions

Back 35

blends of primary emotions, including states such as remorse, guilt, submission, and anticipation

Front 36

circumplex model

Back 36

an approach to understanding emotion in which two basic factors of emotion are spatially arranged in a circle, formed around the intersections of the core dimessions of affect

Front 37

James- Lange theory of emotions

Back 37

a theory that suggests that the experience of emotion is elicited by a physiological response to a particular stimlus or situation

Front 38

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 38

the idea that facial expressions trigger the experience of emotion

Front 39

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Back 39

a theory that asserts that emotion-producing stimuli from the evironment elicit both an emotional and a physical reaction

Front 40

two-factor theory of emotion

Back 40

a theory that proposes that a situation evokes both a physiological response, such a arousal, and a cognitive interpretation

Front 41

misattribution of arousal

Back 41

an emotion label is derived from the wrong source

Front 42

excitation transfer

Back 42

a form of misattribution in which residual physiological arousal caused by one event is transferred to a new stimulus

Front 43

rumination

Back 43

thinking about, elaborating, and foucusing on undesired thoughts or feelings, which prolongs, rather than alleviates, a negative mood

Front 44

cerbral asymmetry

Back 44

an emotional pattern assoc.. w unequal activation of the left and right frontal lobes

Front 45

stressor

Back 45

an environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

Front 46

coping response

Back 46

any reponse and organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus

Front 47

fight-or-flight response

Back 47

the physiological preparedness of animals to deal w danger

Front 48

tend-and-befriend reponse

Back 48

the argument that females are more likely to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances than flee of fight in reponse to threat

Front 49

general adaptation syndrome

Back 49

a consistent pattern of reponse to stress, that consists of three stages: alarm, resisitance, and exhaustion

Front 50

Type A behavior

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a pattern of behavior characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressivess, hostility, restlessness, inability to relax, and impatience w others

Front 51

Type B behavior

Back 51

a pattern of behavior charaterized by relaxed, noncompetitive, easygoing, and accommodating behavior

Front 52

immune system

Back 52

the bodys mechanism for dealing w invading mircoorganisms, such as allergies, bacteria, and viruses

Front 53

lymphocytes

Back 53

specialized white blood cells known as B cells, T cells, and natrual killer cells that make up the immune system

Front 54

primary apprasial

Back 54

part of the coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant

Front 55

secondary apprasial

Back 55

part of the coping in which people try to prevent having an emotional reponse to a stressor

Front 56

problem-focused coping

Back 56

a type of coping in which people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor

Front 57

positive reapprasial

Back 57

a cognitive process in which people focus on possible good things in their current siutation

Front 58

hardiness

Back 58

a personality trait that enables people to percieve stressors as controllable challanges

Front 59

social support

Back 59

a network of other people who can provide help, encouragement, and advice

Front 60

buffering hypothesis

Back 60

the idea that other people can provid direct support in helping individuals cope w stressful events

Front 61

body-mass index (BMI)

Back 61

a ratio of body weight to height used to measure obesity

Front 62

anorexia nervosa

Back 62

an eating disorder characterized by excessive fear of becoming fat and thus refusal to eat

Front 63

bulimia nervosa

Back 63

an eating disorder characterized by dieting,binge eating, and purging

Front 64

developmental psychology

Back 64

the study of changes in physiology, cognition, and social behavior over the life span

Front 65

teratogens

Back 65

environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus

Front 66

teratogens

Back 66

environmental agents that harm the embryo of fetus

Front 67

synaptic pruning

Back 67

a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserved, and those that are not are lost

Front 68

critical period

Back 68

time in which certain experiences must occur for noraml brain development, such as exposure to visual info. during infancy for the normal dvevlopment of the visual pathways of the brain

Front 69

attachment

Back 69

a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances

Front 70

orienting reflex

Back 70

the tendency for human to pay more attention to novel stimuli

Front 71

schemas

Back 71

hypothetical cognitive strutures that help us percieve, organize, process, and use info.

Front 72

assimilation

Back 72

the porcess by which a new experience is placed into an exisiting schema

Front 73

accommodation

Back 73

thr process by which a schema is adadpted or expanded to incorporate a new experience that doesnt easily fit into an exisiting schema

Front 74

sensorimotor stage

Back 74

the first stage in Piagets theory of cognitive development, during which infants aquire info. about the world throuhg their senses and respond reflexively

Front 75

obejct permanence

Back 75

the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

Front 76

preoperational stage

Back 76

the second stage in Piagets theory of cognitive development, during which children begin to think about and understand operations in ways that are reversible

Front 77

formal operational stage

Back 77

the final stage in Piagets theory of cognitive development; it involves the ability to think abstractly and to formulate and test hypotheses through deductive logic

Front 78

infantile amnesia

Back 78

the inablility to remember events from early childhood

Front 79

source amnesia

Back 79

a type of amnesia that occurs when a person remembers an event but cannot remember where they encountered the info.

Front 80

theory of mind

Back 80

the term used to describe the ability to explain and predict other people's behavior as a result of recognizing their mental state

Front 81

telegraphic speech

Back 81

the tendency for children to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical makrings but follow a logical syntax

Front 82

social development

Back 82

the maturation of skills or abilities that enable people to live in a world w other people

Front 83

adolescence

Back 83

the transition period between childhood and adulthood

Front 84

gender

Back 84

a term that refers to the culturally construted differences btw. males and females

Front 85

gender identity

Back 85

personal beliefs about whether one is male or female

Front 86

gender roles

Back 86

the charateristics assoc. w men and women b/c of cultural influence or learning

Front 87

gender schemas

Back 87

cognitive strucutres that influence how people percieve the behaviors of men and women