Psy Chapter One

Front 1

Wilhem Wundt

Back 1

Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. 1879

Front 2

Charles Darwin

Back 2

Proposed evolutionary psychology.

Front 3

Ivan Pavlov

Back 3

Pioneered the study of learning.

Front 4

Sigmund Freud

Back 4

Famed personality theorist and therapist whose controversial ideas influenced humanity's self- understanding.

Front 5

Jean Piaget

Back 5

most influential children's observer.

Front 6

William James

Back 6

legendary teacher- writer of psychology

Front 7

Mary Whiton Calkins

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became a pioneering memory researcher and American Pyschological Association president.

Front 8

Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 8

the first woman to recieve a psychology Ph.D; synthesized animal behavior research in the Animal Mind.

Front 9

John B. Watson

Back 9

championed psychology as then science of behaviour.

Front 10

B.F. Skinner

Back 10

a leading behaviourist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behaviour.

Front 11

Behaviorism

Back 11

the view that psychology shoud be an objective science that studies behaviours without reference to mental processes.

Front 12

Humanistic Psychology

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historically, significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.

Front 13

Psychology

Back 13

the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

Front 14

Nature- Nurture Issue

Back 14

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviours.

Front 15

Levels of Analysis

Back 15

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social- cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

Front 16

Biopsychosocial Approach

Back 16

an intergrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social- cultural levels of analysis.

Front 17

Basic Research

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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Front 18

Applied Research

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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Front 19

Counseling Psychology

Back 19

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being.

Front 20

Hindsight Bias

Back 20

the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have forseen it.

Front 21

Critical Thinking

Back 21

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; rather it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asses conclusions.

Front 22

Theory

Back 22

an explanation using an integrated seet of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events.

Front 23

Hypothesis

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a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 24

Operational Definition

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a statement of the procedures used to define research variables.

Front 25

Replication

Back 25

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Front 26

Case Study

Back 26

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.

Front 27

Survey

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a technique for ascertaining the self- reported attitudes or behaviours of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

Front 28

Population

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all the cases in a group from which samples may be drawn for a study

Front 29

Random Sample

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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Front 30

Naturalistic Observation

Back 30

observing and recording behaviour in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Front 31

Correlation

Back 31

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus how well either factor predicts the other.

Front 32

Illusory Correlation

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the perception of a relationship where none exists.

Front 33

Experiment

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a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental processes

Front 34

Random Assignment

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assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

Front 35

Double- Blind Procedure

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an experimental proceedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have recieved the treatment of placebo.

Front 36

Placebo Effect

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experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

Front 37

Experimental Group

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the group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Front 38

Control Group

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the group in an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Front 39

Independent Variable

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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Front 40

Dependent Variable

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teh outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Front 41

Culture

Back 41

the enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Front 42

SQ3R

Back 42

a study method incorporating five steps: Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.