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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Self-concept
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is an organized collection of beliefs about the self
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Possible selves
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refer to one's conceptions about the kind of person one might become in the future
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Self-discrepancy
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the mismatching of self-perceptions; actual self vs the ideal self
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Social comparison theory
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proposes that individuals compare themselves with other in order to assess their abilities and opinions (ie how attractive they are, how they did on the history exam etc)
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Reference group
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is a set of people against whom individuals compare themselves (ie the history test, the reference group is the entire class)
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Individualism (independent)
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involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of person attributes rather than group members.
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Collectivism (interdependent)
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involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one's identity in terms of the groups one belongs to.
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Self-esteem
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refers to one's overall assessment of one's worth as a person; it is the evaluative component of the self-concept
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Roy Baumeister
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Self-esteem means "self-concept confusion". Individuals with low self-esteem simply don't know themselves well enough to strongly endorse many personal attributes on self-esteem tests
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Narcissism
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the tendency to regard oneslf as grandiosely self-important
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Self-attributions
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are inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behavior
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automatic processing (mindlessness)
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default mode of handling information (shower, drink coffee, check email...things you do without much thought_
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controlled processing (mindfulness)
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when important decisions arise or when you're trying to understand something like why you didn't get the job that you wanted.
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Internal attributions
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ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions, traits, abilities and feelings
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External attributions
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ascribe the causes of behavior to situational demands and environmental causes
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Stable internal
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a sense of humor and intelligence
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Stable external
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include laws and rules (speed limits, no smoking areas)
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Unstable internal
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mood (good or bad) and motivation (strong or weak)
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Unstable external
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weather and the presense or absence of people
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Attributional style
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refers to the tendeny to use similar casual explanations for a wide variety of events in one's life. (either optimistic explanatory style or pessimistic explanatory style)
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Accuracy motive
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is reflected in people's desire for truthful information about themselves
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Consistency motive
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drives people toward information that matches what they already know about themselves
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Self-verification theory
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people prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self-views. (those with a positive image prefer to hear positive feedback)
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Self-enhancement
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the tendency to maintain positive feelings about the self.
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Downward social comparison
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the defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more seroius that one's own
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self-serving bias
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the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one'sf ailures to situational factors
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Basking in reflected glory
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the tendency to enhance one's image by publicly announcing one's association with those who are successful (CORFing is similar..cutting off reflected failure)
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Self-handicapping
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the tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure
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Self-regulation
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the work of directing and controlling one's behavior
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Accuracy motive
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is reflected in people's desire for truthful information about themselves
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Self-efficacy (Albert Bandura)
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people's conviction that they can achieve specific goals. According to Bandura, efficacy beliefs vary according to the person's skills. You may have high self-efficacy when it comes to making friends but low self-efficacy when it comes to speaking in public.
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Consistency motive
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drives people toward information that matches what they already know about themselves
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Self-verification theory
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people prefer to receive feedback from others that is consistent with their own self-views. (those with a positive image prefer to hear positive feedback)
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Self-enhancement
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the tendency to maintain positive feelings about the self.
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Downward social comparison
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the defensive tendency to compare oneself with someone whose troubles are more seroius that one's own
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self-serving bias
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the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one'sf ailures to situational factors
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Basking in reflected glory
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the tendency to enhance one's image by publicly announcing one's association with those who are successful (CORFing is similar..cutting off reflected failure)
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Self-handicapping
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the tendency to sabotage one's performance to provide an excuse for possible failure
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Self-regulation
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the work of directing and controlling one's behavior
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Self-efficacy (Albert Bandura)
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people's conviction that they can achieve specific goals. According to Bandura, efficacy beliefs vary according to the person's skills. You may have high self-efficacy when it comes to making friends but low self-efficacy when it comes to speaking in public.
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Developing self-efficacy
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Matery experiences (mastering new skills), Vicarious experiences (watching others perform a skill you want to learn), Persuasion and encouragement (through the encouragement of others), Interpretation of emotional arousal (the interpretation of the responses you give from certain events)
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Self-deflating behaviors
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are seemingly intentional actions that thwart a person's self interest (deliberate self-destruction, tradeoffs, counterproductive strategies)
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Public self
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an image presented to others in social interactions
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Impression management
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refers to usually conscious efforts by people to influence how others think of them
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Ingratiation
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is behaving in ways to make onself likable to others (ie giving compliments, doing favors etc)
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Self-monitoring (Mark Snyder)
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refers to the degree to which people attende to and control the impressions they make on others
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Which of the following statements about the self-concept is false?
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A) It is composted of one dominant belief about the self
b) It is composed of many self-beliefs c) It is relatively stable over time d) It influences present as well as future behavior |
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Mismatches between one's actual and ought selves result in lower self-esteem and:
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a) dejection-related feelings
B) agitation-related feelings c) feelings of self-enhancement d) No particular feelings |
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A person reared in a collectivist culture is like to have a(n) _____self-view, whereas a person reared in an individualistic culture is likely to have a(n) ____ self view.
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interdependent, independent
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Low self-esteem is associated with:
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self-concept confusion
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Agression in response to self-esteem threats is more likey to occur in people who are:
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narcissistic
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Which of the following is not a basic principle of self-perception?
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A) People are "cognitive spenders"
b) People's explanatory style is related to adjustment c) People prefer to receive information that is consistent with their self-views. d) Pople want to maintain positive feellings about the self |
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Keisha is upset when a textbook is stolen, but she feels better after she hears that a classmate's book bag, including her cell phone, was stolen. This is an example of:
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downward comparison
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Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true?
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A) It can be developed by persevering through failure util one achieves success
b) It is something that one is born with c) It refers to a person's general self-confidence d) It refers to conscious efforts to make a certain impression on others. |
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The self-presentation strategy of ingratiation involves trying to make others:
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like you.
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Which of the following will not help you bild high self-esteem?
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Comparing yourself with those who are the best in a given area.
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