Psy Chapter 3

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

Occurs when special receptors in the sense of organs, are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimulus to become neural signals in the brain

Front 2

Transduction

Back 2

The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural activity

Front 3

Sensory receptors

Back 3

Specialized forms of neurons, that make up the nervous system. These receptors are stimulates by different kinds of energy rather than neurotransmitters

Front 4

Just noticeable difference (jnd or difference threshold)

Back 4

The smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time. Whatever the the difference is, it is always constant

Front 5

Absolute threshold

Back 5

The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present

Front 6

Subliminal Stimuli

Back 6

Stimuli that are below the level of conscious. Strong enough to activate the sensory receptors but not strong enough for people to be aware of them

Front 7

Habitation

Back 7

The way the brain deals with unchanging information from the environment. It’s when the brain “ignores” conscious attention to stimuli that don’t change

Front 8

Sensory adaptation

Back 8

Another process by which constant, unchanging information forms sensory receptors is effectively ignored

Front 9

Photons

Back 9

Light is actually tiny “packets” of waves and have specific wavelengths associated with them

Front 10

Brightness

Back 10

Determined by the amplitude of the wave- how high or how low the wave actually is. Ex. The higher the wave, the brighter the light

Front 11

Color

Back 11

Determined by the length of the wave

Front 12

Saturation

Back 12

Refers to the purity of the color people perceive

Front 13

Visual accommodation

Back 13

The lens change it’s shape from thick

Front 14

Cornea

Back 14

Protects the eye but also is the structure of most the light coming into the eye

Front 15

Aqueous humor

Back 15

Clear watery fluid that nourish the eye

Front 16

Iris

Back 16

Can change size of the pupil letting more or less light into the eyes

Front 17

Nearsightedness

Back 17

The shape of the eye cause the focal point to fall short of the retina

Front 18

Farsightedness

Back 18

The focus point is behind the retina

Front 19

Vitreous humor

Back 19

Also nourishes the eye and gives it its shape

Front 20

Retina

Back 20

A light sensitive area of the back eye containing three layers: ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and the rods and the cones, special receptors cells that respond to the various wavelengths of light

Front 21

Blind spot

Back 21

No rods or cones in the place where all the acorns of those ganglion cells leave the retina to become the optic nerve

Front 22

Light adaptation

Back 22

When going from darkened room to one that is brightly lit

Front 23

Darks adaption

Back 23

Occurs as the eye recovers its ability to see when going from brightly lit state to dark state

Front 24

Trichromatic(three colors) theory

Back 24

This proposed three types of cones: red blue and green cones one for each primary colors of light

Front 25

Afterimages

Back 25

Occurs when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed

Front 26

Opponent- process theory

Back 26

There are four primary colors: red, green, blue, and yellow

Front 27

Monochrome color blindness

Back 27

People either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all

Front 28

Dichromatic vision

Back 28

Having one cone that does not work properly

Front 29

Sex-linked inheritance

Back 29

Color-deficient vision involving one set of cones is inherited in a pattern

Front 30

Timbre

Back 30

A richness in the time of sound

Front 31

Hertz

Back 31

Frequency is measured in these cycles(waves) per second

Front 32

Pinna

Back 32

The visible, external part of the ear that serves as a kind of concentrator, funneling the sound waves from the outside into the structure of the ear

Front 33

Auditory canal

Back 33

The short tunnel that runs down to the eardrum

Front 34

Malleus, incus, and stapes

Back 34

Referred to as ossicles, smallest bones in the human body

Front 35

Oval window

Back 35

Curb rations set off another chain reaction within the inner ear

Front 36

Cochlea

Back 36

Filled with fluid

Front 37

Basiler membrane

Back 37

The resting place of the organ of Corti

Front 38

Hair cells

Back 38

Receptors for sound

Front 39

Auditory Nerve

Back 39

Which contains the axons of all the receptors neurons

Front 40

Pitch

Back 40

How high or low a sound is

Front 41

Place theory

Back 41

The pitch a person hears depends on where the hair cells that are stimulated are located on the organ of Corti

Front 42

Frequency theory

Back 42

States that pitch is related to how fast the basiler membrane vibrates

Front 43

Volley principle

Back 43

Groups of auditory neurons take turns firing in a process called volleying

Front 44

Hearing impairment

Back 44

Difficulty in hearing

Front 45

Conduction gearing impairment

Back 45

Problems with the mechanics of the outer or middle ear and means that sound vibrations cannot be passed from the eardrum to the cochlea

Front 46

Nerve hearing impairment

Back 46

Problem lies either in the inner ear or the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain. Most common type of permanent hearing loss

Front 47

Cochlear implant

Back 47

A device that translates signal into electrical stimuli that are sent to a series of electrodes implanted directly into the cochlea

Front 48

Gustation

Back 48

Taste buds are the common name for the taste receptors cells, special kinds of neurons found in the mouth hat are responsible for the sense of taste.

Front 49

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter and Amani

Back 49

The five primary taste

Front 50

Olfaction or the olfactory sense

Back 50

The ability to smell odors

Front 51

Cilia

Back 51

Dozen little hairs that project into the cavity

Front 52

Olfactory bulbs

Back 52

Located right on top of the sinus cavity on each side of the Brian directly beneath the frontal lobes

Front 53

Somesthetic Senses

Back 53

Contains three: skins senses( having to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain), kinesthetic sense( location of body parts in relation to each other) and vestibular sense( movement and body position)

Front 54

Pacinian corpuscles

Back 54

Just beneath the skin and respond to changes in pressure

Front 55

Free nerve endings

Back 55

Just beneath the uppermost layer of skin that respond to changes in temperature, pressure and to pain

Front 56

Visceral pain

Back 56

Receptors that detect pain and pressure in organs

Front 57

Somatic pain

Back 57

Pain sensation in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers

Front 58

CIPIA(congenital analgesia and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis)

Back 58

The ability to not be able to feel pain

Front 59

Phantom limb pain

Back 59

Occurs when a person who has had an arm or leg removed sometimes” feels” pain in the missing limb

Front 60

Gate-control theory

Back 60

Pain signals must pass through a “gate” located in the spinal cord from the body and by signals coming from the Brian

Front 61

Substance P

Back 61

Activates other neurons, and is the stimulation of the pain receptors cells

Front 62

Otolith organs

Back 62

Tiny sacks found just above the cochlear. These contain a gelatin- like fluid within which tiny crystals are suspended

Front 63

Sensory conflict theory

Back 63

An explanation of motion sickness stating the information from the eyes may conflict a little too much with the vestibular organs, and dizziness, nausea, and disorientation are the result

Front 64

Perception

Back 64

The method by which all the brain takes all the sensations a person experiences at any given moment and allows them to be interpreted in some meaningful fashion

Front 65

Size constancy

Back 65

The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance from the viewer

Front 66

Shape constancy

Back 66

Interpret shape of an object as constant, even when it changes on the retina

Front 67

Brightness constancy

Back 67

Perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

Front 68

Figure ground relationships

Back 68

Tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background

Front 69

Reversible figures

Back 69

Which figures and the ground seem to switch back and fourth

Front 70

Proximity

Back 70

Tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same grouping

Front 71

Similarly

Back 71

Tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group

Front 72

Closure

Back 72

Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

Front 73

Continuity

Back 73

Refers to tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with continuous pattern rather than a complex, broken-pattern

Front 74

Contiguity

Back 74

The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

Front 75

Common region

Back 75

The tendency is to perceive objects that are in common area or region as being in a group

Front 76

Depth perception

Back 76

The capability to see the world in three dimensions

Front 77

Linear perceptive

Back 77

Tendency for lines that are actually parallel to seem to converge on each other

Front 78

Relative size

Back 78

When objects that people except to be certain size appear to be small and are the fore assumed to be much farther away

Front 79

Overlap(interposition)

Back 79

If one object seems to be blocking another object people assume that the blocked object is behind the first and one therefore father away.

Front 80

Aerial(atmospheric) perspective

Back 80

The father away an object is, the hazier the object will appear to be due to tiny particles of dust, dirt and other pollutants

Front 81

Texture true gradient

Back 81

Another trick used by artists to give the illusion of depth in a painting

Front 82

Motion parallax

Back 82

Discrepancy in motion of near and far objects

Front 83

Accommodation

Back 83

The process of visual accommodation as the tendency of the lens to change its shape, or thickness, as in response to objects near or far away

Front 84

Convergence

Back 84

Refers to the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object

Front 85

Binocular disparity

Back 85

Is a scientific way of saying that because the eyes are a few inches apart they don’t see exactly the same image

Front 86

Illusion

Back 86

A perception that does not correspond to reality

Front 87

Müller-Lyer illusion

Back 87

The distortion happens when the viewer tries to determine if the two lines are exactly the same length

Front 88

Moon illusion

Back 88

Which the moon on the horizon appears to be much larger than the moon in the sky

Front 89

Autokinetic effect

Back 89

A small light in a darkened room will appear to move or drift because there are no surrounding cues to indicate that the light is not moving

Front 90

Strobeoscopic motion

Back 90

Which a rapid series of still pictures will se to be in motion

Front 91

Phi phenomenon

Back 91

In which lights turned on in sequence appear to move

Front 92

Perceptual set or perceptual expectant

Back 92

Peoples tendency to perceive things a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them

Front 93

Top-down processing

Back 93

The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unifield whole

Front 94

Bottom-up processing

Back 94

Analysis of smaller features and bindings up to a complete perception

Front 95

End-stopped neurons

Back 95

These neurons respond differently if an object is bouncing or moving up and down quickly