Psy Capstick Part Of Ch. 3 And 7 And Part Of 8

Front 1

Freuds wish-fulfilment explanation

Back 1

dreams provide a psychic safety valve , expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings ; contains manifest ( remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content- a hidden meaning

Front 2

frauds wish-fulfilment critical considerations

Back 2

lacks any scientific support; dream may be interpreted in many different ways

Front 3

information- processing explanaiton

Back 3

dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories

Front 4

information processing critical considerations

Back 4

but why do we sometimes dream about things we have not experienced ?

Front 5

physiological function explanation

Back 5

regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

Front 6

physiological function critical considerations

Back 6

this does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams

Front 7

neural activation explanation

Back 7

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories , which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Front 8

cognitive development explanation

Back 8

dream content reflects dreamers cognitive development - their knowledge and understanding

Front 9

neural activity critical explanation

Back 9

the individuals brain is weaving the stories which still tells us something about the dreamer

Front 10

learning

Back 10

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviours

Front 11

associative learning

Back 11

learning that certain events occur together . The events may be 2 stimuli ( as in classical conditioning ) or a response and its consequences ( as in operant conditioning )

Front 12

stimulus

Back 12

any event or situation that evokes a response

Front 13

cognitive learning

Back 13

the acquisition of mental information , whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Front 14

classical conditioning

Back 14

a type of learning in which one learns to link 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events

Front 15

behavioursism

Back 15

the view that psychology ( 1) should be an objective science that ( 2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)

Front 16

neutral stimulus ( NS)

Back 16

in classical conditioning , a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Front 17

unconditioned response ( UR)

Back 17

in classical conditioning , an unlearned , naturally occurring response ( such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulis ( US) ( such as food in the mouth)

Front 18

unconditioned stimulus ( US)

Back 18

in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response ( UR)

Front 19

conditioned response ( CR)

Back 19

in classical conditioning a learned response to a previously neural ( but now conditioned ) stimulus ( CS)

Front 20

conditioned stimlus ( CS)

Back 20

in classical conditioning an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus ( US) , comes to trigger a conditioned response ( CR)

Front 21

acquistion

Back 21

in classical conditioning , the initial stage when one links a neural stimulus and un conditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response

Front 22

higher- order conditioning

Back 22

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural stimulus , creating a second ( often weaker) , conditioned stimulus , for example an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone

Front 23

extinction

Back 23

the diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus ( US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus ( CS) ; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Front 24

spontanous recovery

Back 24

the reappearance , after a pause , of an extinguished conditioned response

Front 25

generalization

Back 25

the tendency , once a response has been conditioned , for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Front 26

discrimination

Back 26

in classical conditioning , the learned ability to distinguish between a condoned stimulus and stimuli tat do not signal an uncondinoted stimulus

Front 27

operant conditioning

Back 27

a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthen if followed by a reinforcer or dimished if followed by a punisher

Front 28

law of effects

Back 28

thorndikes principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely and that behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences become less likely

Front 29

operant chamber

Back 29

in operant conditioning research , a chamber ( known as the skinner box ) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Front 30

reinforcement

Back 30

in operant conditoning , any event that strengthens the behaviour it follows

Front 31

shaping

Back 31

an operant conditoning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer and closer approx. of the desired behaviour

Front 32

positive reinforcement

Back 32

increasing behaviours by presenting positive reinforcers . a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Front 33

negative reinforcement

Back 33

increasing behaviours by stopping or reducing negative stimuli . a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response , strengths the response

Front 34

primary reinforcer

Back 34

an innately reinforcing stimulus , such as one that satisfies a biological need

Front 35

conditioned reinforcer

Back 35

a stimulus that gains it reinforcer power through its association with a primary reinforcer also known as a secondary reinforcer

Front 36

reinforcer sceduale

Back 36

a pattern that defines how often a desired responses will be reinforced

Front 37

contionous reinforcement

Back 37

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Front 38

partial ( intermittent) reinforcement

Back 38

reinforcing a response only part of the time , results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuos reinforcement

Front 39

fixed - ratio sceduale

Back 39

in operant conditioning , a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Front 40

variable ratio sceduale

Back 40

in operant conidionin g a reinforment scudale that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Front 41

fixed interval sceduale

Back 41

in operant condionoing , a reinforment sceiduale that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Front 42

variabl interval sceudale

Back 42

in operant conditioing a reinforcemnet sceduale tat reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Front 43

respondent behaviour

Back 43

behaviour that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Front 44

operant behavour

Back 44

behaviour that operates on the enironvemnt , producing consequences

Front 45

cognitive map

Back 45

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment. for ex. after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

Front 46

latent learning

Back 46

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Front 47

intrinsic motivation

Back 47

a desire to perform a behaviour effectily for its own sake

Front 48

extrinsic motivation

Back 48

desire to perform a behaviour to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Front 49

observational learning

Back 49

learning by observing others

Front 50

modeling

Back 50

the process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour

Front 51

mirror neurons

Back 51

frontal lobes neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so . the brains enable imitation and empathy

Front 52

memory

Back 52

the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrival of information

Front 53

recall

Back 53

a measure of memory in which the person must retrive information learned earlier , as on a fill in the blank test

Front 54

recognition

Back 54

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multipple- choice test

Front 55

relearning

Back 55

a measure of memeory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Front 56

encoding

Back 56

the processing of information into the memory system for ex. by extracting meaning

Front 57

storage

Back 57

the retention of encoded information over time

Front 58

retrival

Back 58

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 59

sensory memory

Back 59

the immmediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Front 60

short- term memory

Back 60

activated memory that holds a few items beifly , such as 7 digits of a phone number while dialiing , before information is sotred or forgotten

Front 61

long-term memory

Back 61

the relativtly permanent and limitless storehouses of the memory system , includes knowledge , skills and experiences

Front 62

working memory

Back 62

a newer understandning of short-term memory that focuses on consious, active prcessing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and of information retrieved from long- term memory

Front 63

explicit memory

Back 63

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Front 64

effortful processing

Back 64

encoding that requires attention and consious effort

Front 65

automatic processing

Back 65

unconsious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency and of well- learned information, such as word meanings

Front 66

implicitc memory

Back 66

retention independently of consious recollection

Front 67

iconic memory

Back 67

a momentary sensory meory of visual stimulus , a photo- graphic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few 10ths of a second

Front 68

echoic memory

Back 68

a momentary sensory memeory of auditory stimuli ' if attention is else where, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Front 69

chuncking

Back 69

organinzing items inot fammiliar , manageable units' often occurs automatically

Front 70

mnemonics

Back 70

memory aids , espeically tho9se techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Front 71

spacing -effect

Back 71

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term rentention than is acheived though massed study or practice

Front 72

testing effect

Back 72

enhanced memory after retriving , rather than simply reading, information, also somethimes referred to as retrival practice effect or test enhanced learning

Front 73

shallow processing

Back 73

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

Front 74

deep processing

Back 74

encoding semantically , based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention

Front 75

hippocampus

Back 75

a neutral center located in the limbic system' helps process explicit memories for storage

Front 76

flashbulb memory

Back 76

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Front 77

long -term potential

Back 77

an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. beleived to be a neural basis for learning and memory