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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Basics
Dopamine and serotonin - what levels |
Low serotonin, high dopamine
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Basics
Testosterone and cortisol? |
High testosterone, low cortisol
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Serotonin
Why is low serotonin linked to aggression? |
Serotonin inhibits aggressive responses to emotional stimuli
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Serotonin
so if serotonin inhibits aggressive responses, then what |
It is about higher levels regulating our emotions
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It is about higher levels...
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Serotonin
Mann et al 1990 found that drugs which reduce serotonin... |
increased measures of hostility and aggression in males
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Mann et al 1990
So what is the big evaluation point? |
Increased hostility in men but not in women! HMM
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Extra for Mann et al
What was the name of the chemical given? |
dexfenfluramine
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Dexfen
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extra Man 1990
How many participants? |
35
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Serotonin AO2
Lenard (2008) cautions that serotonin is not just linked to aggression, but what else? |
depression, impulsive behaviour, alcohol abuse etc
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Lenard (2008) so what does this mean about Mann and explaining aggression by serotonin
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Reductionist - more that serotonin is involved in
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Serotonin AO2
Questionnaire? Really? |
Validity - is this really the best method to measure aggression?
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Raleigh et al 1991
Raleigh et al conducted a study into aggression on vervet monkeys. They found that individuals fed diets high in tryptophan... |
exhibited low levels of aggression, compared to the group on low tryptophan
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READ IT PROPERLY
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Raleigh et al 1991 AO2
On the use of monkeys... |
Extrapolation!
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Popova et al
animals slectively bred for domestication become more docile, and... |
show greater levels of serotonin!
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Testosterone
Thought to act on areas of brain which control aggression from young adulthood onwards. Thought to be what? |
the primary biochemical influence on aggression
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Testosterone
Dabbs et al 1987 Found that salivary testosterone levels were able to |
differentiate between violent and non-violent crimes
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Testosterone
Lindman et al '87 Aggressive behaviour in drunk males... |
positively correlated with testosterone levels
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Correlation
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Tes
wagner et al '79 Castrated male mice... |
showed decreased aggression, which increased when given testosterone again
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up and down
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Tes
Wingfield et al '90 argues that testtosterone levels rise in monogamous species... |
in response to social challenges
THIS IS THE CHALLENGE HYPOTHESIS! |
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Tes
KLINESMITH ET AL 2006 Sample? |
30 male students
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Klinesmith et al 2006
What were the levels of the IV? |
Provided a saliva sample then interacted with a replica gun or child's toy for 15 mins
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2 steps, 2 levels of IV for a certain amount of time
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Klinesmith et al 2006
Then what happened? |
Told taking part in a taste-sensitivity study, second saliva sample taken, then had water with a drop of hot sauce in it, then rated the taste
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Told something, measurement again, then the genius distraction
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Klinesmith et al 2006
After distraction, what then? |
Then told running out of time, so prepare a drink for the next group and to put as much or little in as they wanted
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THE ACTUAL TEST
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Klinesmith et al 2006
ethics? What happened after? |
Debriefed with calming music and nature vid
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Klinesmith et al 2006
Found what? |
Those played with gun had greater levels of testosterone, and greater levels of aggressive behaviour.
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Klinesmith et al 2006
Supports what hypothesis? |
Challenge Hypothesis - the idea that testosterone promotes aggression when it would be beneficial for reproduction - (survival etc)
Testosterone rises when you perceive a threat |
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Klinesmith et al 2006
Demand characteristics? |
Dealt with with testing drink
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Klinesmith et al 2006
Ethics? |
Debrief!
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Klinesmith et al 2006
No questionnaires |
better method of measuring aggression than Mann
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SHERIDAN AND KING 1972
(aka insanely unethical study) what did they want to find out? |
If participants would really follow orders if they knew the consequences of obedience
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Sheridan and King '72
what did they do? |
gave real electric shocks to puppies
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Sheridan and King '72
What did they find? |
all women went all the way, and 54% of men went all the way
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Just over half of men
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Sheridan and King '72
extra bits, how did they do with the puppy? |
Gave it small shocks, then they gave it an anaesthetic to put it to sleep to make them think they killed it
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Sheridan and King '72
Problem with using as evaluation |
Shows obedience, not aggression
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AO2
Considering just biochemistry |
physiologically reductionist
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physiologically...
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AO2
What about genetic factors and brain structure - give an exampleq |
Phineas Gage - brain injury and higher levels of aggression
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AO2
Good thing about finding out what predicates aggression |
REAL LIFE APPLICATION
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We can use it for things in society
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TOTAL CRITICISM OF TESTOSTERONE
Eisenegger, Fehr and Naef What was this? |
A game based on fair or unfair deals, given 0.5mg doses of testosterone and some placebo.
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Eisenegger, Fehr, Naef
found what? |
Those given testosterone gave fairer offers, reducing risk of rejecting to a minimum
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Eisenegger, Fehr, Naef
Support's whose ideas? |
Mazur's
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Eisenegger, Fehr, Naef
What did Mazur suggest? |
Testosterone is not about aggression, but dominance
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Eisenegger, Fehr, Naef
'The i- between t- and the s- d- e- of humans, and not t- itelf, probably c- fair or a- behaviour' - Naef |
The interplay between testosterone and the socially differentiated environments of humans, and not testosterone itself, probably causes fair or aggressive behaviour' - Naef
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