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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Closed/Open skills are predefined movements such as diving and ballet
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Closed
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Closed/Open skills are predictive responding based on changing demands of environment such as soccer, and dancing tango
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Open
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____ are predefined sequences of movement that can be performed with minimal attention.. like coaches strive for.. juggling
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motor programs
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Fitt's Three Stage Model of Skill Learning is: CAA
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1. cognitive stage
2. associative stage 3. autonomous stage |
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In Fitt's three stage model of skill learning, the Cognitive stage has what characteristic:
a. that performance is based on verbalizable rules b. actions become stereotyped c. movements seem automatic |
a. that performance is based on verbalizable rules
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In Fitts associative stage the characteristics are:
a. that performance is based on verbalizable rules b. actions become stereotyped c. movements seem automatic |
b. actions become stereotyped
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In fitts autonomous stage the characteristics are:
a. that performance is based on verbalizable rules b. actions become stereotyped c. movements seem automatic |
c. movements seem automatic
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According to Thorndikes 3 inch line study what was important for the participants to improve?
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feedback
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____ states that most learning occurs early on... aka ___
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power law of learning
aka law of diminishing returns |
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In the law of diminishing returns this is the rate at which practice loses its ability to improve performance is predetermined, regardless of organism or skill studied
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power function
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in perceptual motor skills frequent/ infrequent feedback leads to short term improvements in performance but mediocre performance long term
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Frequent
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In perceptual motor skills frequent/ infrequent feedback leads to mediocre performance short term but better performance long term
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infrequent
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Is massed or spaced practice better for long term retention
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spaced
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Skill learning has four properties which are: SPFS
how rate response not paying attention |
sensory modality- and feature-specific
performance improves at precise rate feedback on performance is required skills can be obtained implicitly |
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Learning without awareness is called____ .. such as wax on wax of, performance in one task may incidentally facilitate learning in another related task
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implicit learning
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To test implicit learning researchers use the serial reaction time test which is:
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Must press one of four keys as indicated by computer (A-B-C-D)
Random sequence: C-B-A-B-D-C-B-B-A-C-D-A Fixed sequence: A-B-A-D-B-C-A-B-A-D-B-C People implicitly learn the next letter |
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___ loss of skill through non-use
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skill decay
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___ restricted applicability of some skills to specific situations
a. transfer specificity b. identical elements theory c. skill decay |
transfer specificity
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____ transfer of learned abilities to novel situations depends on overlap of elements between new situation and original in which elements were encoded... tennis on clay, grass, hard
a. generalization b. Identical Elements Theory c. transfer specificity d. discrimination |
Identical Elements theory
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What are the inputs and outputs of the basal ganglia?
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Inputs: cortex, mostly sensory
Outputs: thalamus (upstream) and brainstem (downstream) |
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Which brain region has a key role in motor control and is conserved in evolutionarily old organisms
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cerebellum
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what are the inputs and outputs of the cerebellum?
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Cerebellum
inputs: spinal cord, sensory system, cerebral cortex Outputs: spinal cord, motor systems |
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Which brain region is needed for motor sequences that require fine temporal control (timing)?
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cerebellum
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the mirror reading task involves what brain region?
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cerebellum
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___a___: Links sensory events to responses; automaticity
___b___: Movement sequences that require precise timing ____c___ Controls complex action sequences |
a. basal ganglia
b. cerebellum c. cortex |
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This disorder leads to cortical damage which leads to problems in coordination of purposeful skilled movements..
So you cannot flexibly access memories on how to perform select actions such as flipping a coin |
apraxia
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This disorder is inherited, causes gradual damage to basal ganglia and cerebral cortex neurons...
CAG repeat: more repeats, earlier, more severe the disease |
Huntington's disease
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People with this disease can learn new perceptual-motor and cognitive skills but has difficulty learning tasks that require planning and sequencing actions e.g., mirror readig, weather prediction task
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huntingtons disease
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____: learn how broadly to apply new learning; transfer of past learning to new situations and problems...
a. generalization b. discrimination |
a. generalization
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___: learn how narrowly to apply new learning by discriminating among similar stimuli
a. generalization b. discrimination |
b. discrimination
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This measures animal's perception of similarity and differences
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generalization gradient
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This learning model states that each stimulus activates its own independent node:
a. discrete-component representation b. distributed representation |
a. discrete-component representation
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This learning model states that similiar stimuli activate overlapping nodes.
a. discrete-component representation b. distributed representation |
b. distributed representation
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In the distributed representation model each stimulus is connected by _____ weights to several nodes of internal representation layer
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fixed
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______: two stimuli have same meaning; light and tone both predict consequence (US)
Meaning-based generalization or similarity-based generalization |
Meaning-based generalization
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_____: two stimuli physically similar; pigeon pecking for food to yellow and yellow-orange light
Meaning-based generalization or similarity based generalization |
Similarity-based generalization
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what happened when Thompson removed the primary auditory cortex (A1) in cats?
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they responded equivalently to all tones
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In the Nucleus Basalis, when the CS is paired with the US and the NB is activated what does it deliver to the cortex, which enables remapping and enlargement of CS sensory representation?
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ACh
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Two different sensory stimuli are associated such that both predict the same consequence (US; shock... this is known as ?
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sensory preconditioning
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What brain regions is needed to generalize learning from one stimulus to a second previously associated stimulus—not needed for CS (bell) -US(food) association
a. basal ganglia b. thalamus c. cortex d. hippocampus |
hippocampus
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This brain region sends highly processed sensory info to hippocampus and other limbic system structures
a. cerebellum b. entorhinal cortex c. prefrontal cortex d. thalamus |
entorhinal cortex
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_____ and nearby subcortical/cortical areas monitor ongoing events and select what information is allowed to enter memory
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hippocampus
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Cortical activity to redundant or unimportant information is ____ , while usefully predictive information ___ cortical representation
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compressed
expands |
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______ and limbic structures assist hippocampus and cortex in attending to meaningful or important info
a. basal ganglia b. nucleus basilis c. hippocampus d. thalamus |
Nucleus basilis
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Which brain region is damaged in alzheimer's disease?
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hippocampus
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Type of Learning: Learner must monitor events and choose later actions based on those observations
a. social learning b. observational learning c. copying d. imitating |
Observational Learning
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___: reproduction of motor act
'do as i do' task.. a. true imitation b. emulation c. stimulus matching d. social learning |
a. true imitation
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___: replicates outcome, not specific acts.. bannana out but not in same way
a. true imitation b. emulation c. stimulus matching d. social learning |
b. emulation
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____: matching motor acts to observed motor acts... vocal learning in song birds
a. true imitation b. emulation c. stimulus matching d. social learning |
c. stimulus matching
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___: past reinforcement determines how individual will act in any given situation
a. true imitation b. emulation c. stimulus matching d. social learning |
d. social learning
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____: behavior must explained with simplest psychological explanation
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morgan's cannon
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____: imagining oneself in place of another
a. perspective taking b. empathy c. emulation d. imitation |
Perspective taking
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Bandura's four processes of modeling are:
1. Model increases attention to _______ 2. Memories must be accessibly _____ 3 Observer must be able to reproduce ____. Must have to be able to physically do it 4 Observer must be motivated to ___ |
Situation
Stored Action Act |
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___: inborn capacity to react emotionally to visual or acoustic stimuli that indicate an emotional response by others
ex. like you laugh because others are laughing, or yawning Observation of response increases likelihood the observer will produce similar response a Contagion b Observational conditioning c Stimulus enhancement d Social transmission of Information |
contagion
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____: learned emotional response after observing same response in others - e.g., social transmission of fear
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observational conditioning
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____: Direction of attention toward specific objects, events, or locations, as a result of another organism’s action
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stimulus enhancement
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____: Observer learns something new though experiences with others
a. Contagion b. Observational conditioning c. Stimulus enhancement d. Social transmission of Information |
social transmission of information
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___: Intentional teaching of specific information, such as tool use or hunting practices
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active instruction
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Neurons that fire during both performance and observation of specific action
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mirror neurons
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Is the activation of mirror neurons greater when imitating an action or instructed to act
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imitating an action
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with the rats that showed food preference, what part of the brain did they lesion that made the rats show little preference?
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hippocampus
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what is the current theory of autism?
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disruption in mirror neuron function may contribute to deficiencies in imitative ability and empathy
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____ (brain region) damage produces unintended imitative responses
may also normally inhibit mirror neurons when observing an action in order to inhibit the observer from automatically performing same action |
PFC
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Infants younger than ~__ months can distinguish all speech sounds, even those not heard in native language
By ____ months, infants can discriminate speech sounds from own language only |
8
10-12 |
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____: smallest linguistic units of meaning
a. morphemes b. phoneme c. grammar d. word segmentation |
Morphemes
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smallest linguistically distinct unit of sound
the ‘k’ sound in cat is a phoneme a. morphemes b. phoneme c. grammar d. word segmentation |
phoneme
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rules that dictate how words can be altered and combined to form sentences
a. morphemes b. phoneme c. grammar d. word segmentation |
grammar
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recognizing where one word ends and another begins
a. morphemes b. phoneme c. grammar d. word segmentation |
word segmentation
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____: frequency with which one kind of syllable follows another
- Hap (py) (pen) a. word segmentation b. grammar c. transitional probabilities d. phoneme |
Transitional probabilities
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____: meaning or interpretation of words and sentence
a. phoneme b. morpheme c. grammar d. semantics |
semantics
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____: required to interpret words correctly once recognized
ball can be soccer or dance a. phoneme b. morpheme c. semantic knowledge d. semantics |
Semantic knowledge
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rules about how words should be ordered
a. phoneme b. syntax c. pragmatics d. semantics |
syntax
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rules about how sentences are used in conversation
a. phoneme b. grammar c. pragmatics d. semantics |
pragmatics
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mirror neurons in____ area may aid in acquisition of novel movement patterns required for speech
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Broca's
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mild form of mental retardation, they have expansive vocabulary, but they show severe impairments in other facets of life
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williams syndrome
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in williams syndrome they have thicker/thinner cortical tissue
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thicker
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3 processors:
1. Produce speech 2. Store words and their associations 3. Guide storage and production of sentences via conceptual information |
Lichtheim's model
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patients with damage in ___ have trouble producing sentences..
In Lichtheim's model this would equal- ____ |
Broca's area
word production |
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Patients with ____ damage show impairments in speech comprehension
Lichtheim's model:____ |
wernicke's area
word store |
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Right/Left hemisphere shows activation during processing of complex words and/or words with emotional content
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Right
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Guy says baba and fafa and if you watch the side by side you can change the sound
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McGurk Effect
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_____: decodes incoming verbal info and produces appropriate verbal responses
a, Language implementation system b. mediational system c. conceptual system |
Language implementation system
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manages communication between implementation and conceptual systems
a, Language implementation system b. mediational system c. conceptual system |
mediational system
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manages semantic knowledge
a, Language implementation system b. mediational system c. conceptual system |
conceptual system
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brain damage that results in total or partial loss of ability to either produce or comprehend spoken language
a. aphasia b. dyslexia c. sign language |
aphasia
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Speech production and writing deficits
Speech is slow and effortful Anomia: difficulty retrieving correct words for ideas they wish to express Comprehension impaired Singing still intact a. wernicke's aphasia b. broca's aphasia c. apraxia d. dyslexia |
Broca's Aphasia
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Comprehension for both spoken and written word impaired
Speech is rapid and fluent but virtually meaningless Seem unaware they make no sense Neologisms common |
Wernicke's area
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Word blindness
Can recognize spoken words Left occipital cortex damage affects ability to perceive words and word-like shapes Corpus callosum damage prevents transfer of info from right visual cortex to left language areas a. dyslexia b. agraphia c. alexia d. aphasia |
alexia
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Inability to write
Damage to motor control areas S a. dyslexia b. apraxia c. agraphia d. alexia |
agraphia
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Phonological agraphia:
Orthographic agraphia: a. can spell only phonetically can't spell agoraphobia b. unable to sound out new or difficult words cant say agoraphobia |
b phonological
a orthographic |
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Impairment in reading despite normal intelligence and exposure
10-30% of population High heritability: 40% chance sibling is also dyslexic Impaired phonological awareness: ability to discriminate verbal information at level of speech sounds Difficulty discriminating rapidly presented stimuli |
dyslexia
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