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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Substance use
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occasional; experimentation w/out adverse effects
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substance abuse
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drug abuse
significant adverse consequences (work, school, home, dangerous situations) criteria for dependence not met |
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substance dependence
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tolerance: need more to get same effect
withdrawl:negative physical reactions to not having drug (or take another drug to avoid w/drawl symptoms) great deal of time spent getting the substance important activities given up |
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Limitations
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Problematic usage but does not meet full criteria
Adol.less likely to exhibit tolerence, withdrawl, negative physical effects; less likely to interact w/ law (hard to distinguish) |
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common symptoms in adolescents
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blackouts
mood problems reduced anxiety level cravings risky sexual behavior |
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Family Context
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Parental substance use and modeling of substance use beh.
(esp w/ close relationships) Protective factors= authoritative parenting |
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Social
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Peer relations=strongest predictor in adol.
Peer influence Niche picking: finding peers that like doing what you're doing (transactional), peers give you opportunity |
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Marijuana use
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psychological adjustment is best if experimental (low w/ abstaining and frequent use)
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Individual factors
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Cognitive/academic underachievement: risk factor, fall into cycle
Cognitive Schemas -enhancement:stimulate postive mood -social:enhance social status -coping:reduce negative emotions -conformity:avoid social isolation |
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Early Starters
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< 14
typically male,negative outcome (polysubstance use, relationship px, anitsocial), family hx of substance problems |
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Early adol. risk factors and protective factors
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Risk factors: Antisocial peer models, low expectation of success, poor self-esteem, hopelessness
Protective factors:intolerance to deviance, postive orientation to school |
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Late Starter
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young adulthood
peaks ages 18-25 during transition to work/college w/ freedom heavier among college students than non-college peers and heaviest in sororities/frats |
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Selection/Socialization
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selection=members who join frats drink, so find others who do too
socialization=when in frat, likely to drink |
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Frat/heavy episodic drinking
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1.niche picking: drink in HS, likely to find ppl who like to drink in college
2.socialization: likely to drink when member Non members drank less across the board When quit frat, decreases |
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Ethnicity alcohol/marijuana USE
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Native Americans=highest rates of use
Caucausian= middle but still high African Am/ Asian Am=lowest use Asian am protective factor: not in low SES/occupation/etc Native Am: more stress |
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Characteristics
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age @ first use: 7-10 grade, steadily decreasing
SES unclear Comorbid w/ polydrug abuse, CD, ADHD, anxiety, depression CD @ greatest risk (breaking law, voilating rules) |
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Gender differences
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Older children: males > females?
younger children: males=females girls who abuse-early puberty, MDD, ED, history of sexual/ph abuse. alleviate depression, stress boys-increase social status |
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Etiology
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genetic link: higher for alcohol/tabacco than illegal
risk for alcohol abuse 2-9% greater for children of alcoholics |
