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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition: Social categorization |
Social categorization: The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes |
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Definition: Schemas |
Schemas: Cognitive structures that contain knowledge about an object or social group |
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What is a subtype in the context of social categorization? |
A subtype comes from the combination of two or more basic categories or the combination of a basic category with role/trait information. |
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What is the purpose of social categories? |
Social categories are used to infer a person's traits, roles, and physical characteristics. |
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What are some examples of social categories? |
Basic social categories: Age, gender, race Other categories: Sexual orientation, religion, and appearance |
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Definition: Ingroup favoritism |
Ingroup favoritism: viewing an ingroup as more deserving than an outgroup |
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What is the outgroup homogeneity effect? |
The outgroup homogeneity effect is the perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than ingroup members. (e.g., "All Asians are good at math") |
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Definition: Own race bias |
Own race bias: tendency to more accurately recognize faces of one's own race |
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What are the four explanations of the outgroup homogeneity effect? |
1. People interact more with their own group 2. Interactions with ingroup members provide info about unique characteristics 3. People look for ways to distinguish themselves from their group 4. Ingroup vs. outgroup comparisons are typically made at the group level |
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Definition: Ultimate attribution error |
Ultimate attribution error: Negative behavior is attributed internally for outgroups but externally for ingroups. Positive behavior is attributed internally for ingroups but externally for outgroups. Duncan 1976 shove study |
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What does the 1976 Duncan shove study reveal about attributional biases? |
Participants labeled an act (ambiguous shove) as more violent when it was performed by a black person than when the same act was performed by a white person. Ultimate attribution error |
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True or false: People need to see instances of a behavior several times before generalizing about an entire minority group. |
False. Behavior of a single member of a minority group can affect how people view the entire group. Demonstrated by Henderson-King 1996 rudeness study. |
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What is social role theory? |
People observe the social roles others occupy and associate the characteristics of these roles with the individuals that occupy them. (e.g., "All nurses are kind women.") |
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What is an illusory correlation and how is it related to stereotypes and prejudice? |
Illusory correlation: tendency to overestimate the relation between two categories when info stands out Media promotes an inaccurate association between black people and crime. |
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What are some sources of stereotypes? |
Parents, peers, social learning theory, TV, interpersonal communication |
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What is social learning theory? |
People retain beliefs that are rewarded and discontinue those that result in punishment. |
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How is interpersonal communication a source of stereotypes? |
Stereotypes are transmitted through vocabulary/language (e.g., use of qualifiers--"woman doctor" instead of just "doctor") Certain expressions (e.g., "Going Dutch," "Excuse my French") |
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When defining stereotype accuracy, what are percentage estimates? |
Whether group members typically possess the characteristic associated with them |
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When defining stereotype accuracy, what is dispersion? |
An estimate of the diversity of group members |
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Why is it difficult to measure stereotype accuracy? |
Lack of acceptable operational definition of the characteristic Lack of control group |
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What is the shifting standard model? |
Judgement is subjective and depends upon the group being rated. Assessments are based on within-group assessment point. (e.g., a "tall woman" is not necessarily tall...an average man can be taller than a tall woman) |
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Why are stereotypes useful cognitively? |
Our brains like maintaining a meaningful, stable, and organized view of the world. Schemas are useful shortcuts for making quick decisions about people. |
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How are stereotypes used as an ego defense? |
People sometimes derogate others to feel better about themselves. |
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What did the Adams 1996 homophobia study reveal? |
This is the study where they measured boners. Can you imagine if we were RAs in a lab where your project leader comes to you and says, "okay, here's a tape measure, we need the length and girth of every participant's dick, before AND after the experiment." Anyways, the study found that homophobic men were aroused by watching gay porn. |
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How does social adjustment a factor of stereotypes? |
The need to fit in prevents people from expressing unpopular beliefs. |
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What are three functions of stereotypes? |
Ego defense, social adjustment, and cognitive organization |
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What did the Cohen 1981 study reveal about stereotyping and memory? |
Participants watched a video about a waitress and remembered more prototype-consistent information than prototype inconsistent information. |
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What do entity theorists think about personality? |
They believe that personalities are fixed. These people are unlikely to change stereotypes. |
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What do incremental theorists think about personality? |
They believe that personality is malleable, and will revise stereotypes when disconfirmed. |
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Do group discussions typically increase or decrease stereotyping? |
Increase. Groups are more likely to discuss stereotype-consistent information, so beliefs become more stereotypic after group discussions. |
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True or false: Positive descriptions of ingroups and negative descriptions of outgroups tend to be concrete. |
False. They tend to be abstract. (e.g., "My people are kind.") On the other hand, positive descriptions of outgroups and negative descriptions of ingroups tend to be concrete. |
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How do self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to stereotype maintenance? |
Our initial behavior toward others leads them to behave in ways that meet our stereotypic expectations. Demonstrated by Word 1974 job interview study (compared interview success of a group of white applicants and a group of black applicants with a white interviewer) |
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What is the bookkeeping model of stereotype change? |
People add and subtract information from their schemas and change occurs slowly. |
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What is the conversion model of stereotype change? |
Dramatic information causes change and less obvious instances of disconfirmation go unnoticed. |
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What is the subtyping model of stereotype change? |
Discrepant cases are viewed as an exception and allows beliefs about a group, in general, to stay intact. |
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What is the difference between concentrated disconfirmation and dispersed disconfirmation? |
Concentrated disconfirmation is creating a new category to account for an unusual case. Dispersed disconfirmation is changing the group stereotype after many disconfirming examples. |
