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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypnosis |
-State of consciousness in which a person is especially susceptible to suggestion -Altered state of consciousness allowing themselves to accept suggestions |
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Suggestions |
Commands that the hypnotist ask the client to do |
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4 Steps in Hypnosis |
1. Subject is told by hypnotist to focus on commands 2. Subject is told by hypnotist to relax and feel tired 3. Subject is told by hypnotist to "let go" and accept suggestions 4. Subject is told by hypnotist to use imagination |
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Stages of Hypnosis |
1. Light Trance 2. Medium Trance 3. Deep Trance |
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Light Trance |
Using induction methods the client goes into a state of relaxation Ex. "I'm going to count from 1 to 3 and you will relax." |
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Induction methods/Hypnotic Induction |
Method or procedure wherein the hypnotist will ask the client to relax and feel calm to let go of their restriction |
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Medium Trance |
-Client experienced a heightened and deeper state of relaxation and becomes more suggestible to command -Can ask the client to do something |
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Deep Trance |
-Client is in a deepened state of relaxation wherein he/she is totally immersed to accept suggestions -Ex. "I want you to visualize that you are in a hallway, and each time you are walking through the lights close. Can you tell me what is at the end of the hallway?" |
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Theories of Hypnosis |
1. Hypnosis as Dissociation 2. Hypnosis as social role-playing |
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Hypnosis as Disociation |
-Ernest Hilgard -The hidden observer (part of the person's mind remained aware of what was going on) -Produces a state of dissociation, a divided state of conscious awareness -Worked only for the immediate conscious mind of a person -Aware of what's going on or that you are going through hypnosis, but still following the command of a hypnotist |
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Hypnosis as social role-playing |
-Social Cognitive Theory as explanation -Assumes that people who are hypnotized are NOT in an altered state but merely playing the role expected or them in the situation -Believe that they are hypnotized but in reality, it is just a good performance/playing a role as commanded |
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Examples of Items that would appear on a Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale |
-Movement of the body back and forth -Closing eyes and unable to open them -Fingers locked together -One arm locked into position -Responding to posthypnotic suggestion -Loss of memory for events during the sessions -Unable to state one's own name -Seeing or hearing nonexistent stimuli |
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Facts about Hypnosis |
Hypnosis can: 1. Create amnesia for whatever happens during the hypnotic session, at least for a brief time -ex. forgetting unpleasant memories 2. Relieve pain by allowing a person to remove conscious attention from the pain -ex. surgery 3. Alter sensory perceptions (smell, hearing, time sense, and the ability to see visual illusions can all be affected by hypnosis) 4. Help people relax in situations that normally would cause them stress, such as flying on an airplane -Public speaking or stage fright -Can be used in therapy |
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Myths about hypnosis |
Hypnosis cannot: 1. Give people superhuman strength -People may use their full strength under hypnosis, but it is no more than they had before hypnosis 2. Reliably enhance memory -There is an increased risk of false- memory retrieval because of the suggestible state hypnosis induces 3. Regress people back to childhood -Although people may act like children, they do and say things children would not. 4. Regress people to some "past life" -There is no scientific evidence for past-life regression -Involves regression |
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Age Regression |
-Form of hypnosis -Hypnotized to their early childhood years -Recall or revive memories during childhood -May or may not be effective |
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The Brain's Reward Pathway |
-Pleasure center has been discovered in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system -Cells in this system communicate via the neurotransmitter dopamine (pleasure hormone) -Pathway between ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens (the mesolimbic pathway) -Most likely the site for the rewarding effects of natural rewards (eating, drinking, and sex) and drug effects (euphoria, pleasure) |
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Psychoactive Drugs |
-Chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, and memory -One of the dangers is that they may lead to physical or psychological dependence |
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Physical Dependence |
-Condition of physical dependence occurs when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug -May then experience withdrawal and physical symptoms (nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, high blood pressure) resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems -Removing the drugs will make them physiologically unable to participate because of imbalance in the body |
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Drug Tolerance |
-Decrease of the response to a drug over repeated use leading to the need for higher doses of the drug to achieve the same effect -Occurs as the body becomes conditioned to the level of the drug |
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Psychological Dependence |
-Not all drugs cause physical dependence -Some cause psychological dependence, or the belief that the drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being -To relieve stress or feel good -Very powerful factor in continued drug use |
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Stimulants |
-Drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system -More alert or awake 1. Amphetamines 2. Cocaine 3. Nicotine 4. Caffeine |
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Amphetamine |
-Synthesized in laboratories rather than being found in nature -Ex. Benzedrine, Dexedrine, Shabu |
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Cocaine |
-Natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant -Highly addictive producing a feeling of euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure -Can cause colvusions and death -Far from being illegal, was once used in many drinks and medications -There were cocaine in softdrinks |
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Nicotine |
-Found in tobacco -Mild stimulant but very physically addictive -Ex. E-cigarettes |
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E-cigarettes |
-Can deliver nicotine with flavorings and other chemicals in the form of a vapor rather than smoke -Battery-operated device -Often promoted as safer than a regular cigarette, but the health risks of using such devices are not yet determined |
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Caffeine |
-Mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances -Many people are turning to highly caffeinated energy drinks |
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Depressants |
-Drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system -Makes a person more calm 1. Barbituates 2. Benzodiazepines 3. Alcohol 4. Narcotics 5. Opioids |
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Barbituates |
-Major tranquilizers -Depressant drugs that have a sedative effect |
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Benzodiazepines |
-Minor tranquilizers -Low anxiety and reduce stress -Ex. Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan, Librium |
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Alcohol |
-Most commonly used and abused -Chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter (e.g. malt) -Depresses a person's natural inhibition -Inhibition decreases = becomes more expressive, no control -Inhibitions are lowered and poor decisions may be made |
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Narcotics (Opiates) |
-Class of opium-related drugs that surpress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor for endorphins (hormones that make you feel good) -Treat pain |
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Opioids |
-Synthetic drugs that mimic the pain-reducing effects of opiates and their addictive properties -Came from the plant Opium (substance derived from the opium poppy which ALL narcotic drugs are derived) -Ex. Morphine, Heroin |
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Morphine |
-Created by dissolving opium in an acid and neutralizing the acid with ammonia -Narcotic drug derived from opium used to treat severe pain but is highly addictive -Ex. For cancer patients- inject in blood vessels to decrease level of pain -High dosages lead to addiction or death due to decrease of heart rate or blood pressure |
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Heroin |
-Narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive -Not used in medicine |
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Hallucinogens |
-Drugs that cause false-sensory messages -Altering perception of reality |
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Non-Manufactured Highs |
1. Marijuana |
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Marijuana |
-Commonly called pot or weed -Mild hallucinogen -Non-manufactured high -Derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant called Cannabis sativa |
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Manufactured Highs |
1. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 2. Phencyclidine (PCP) 3. 3,4z-Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine (MDMA) |
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LSD |
-Synthesized from a grain fungus called ergot -Powerful synthetic hallucinogen -High feelings |
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PCP |
-Synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer -Can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenetic effects |
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MDMA |
-Called ecstasy or X -Designer drug -Can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects -Stimulatory hallucinogenics (drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenetic effect) -Similar to looking at a kaleidescope |
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How Drugs Affect Consciousness (Main Effects) |
-Stimulants: stimulation and excitement -Depressants: relaxation -Hallucinogens: consciousness and altered perception |
