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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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) Natural Selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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Hindsight Bias
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– the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. Also known as the “I knew it all along phenomenon.”
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) Psychological Theories (What do they do?)
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– is an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
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) Hypothesis
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– a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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) Case Study
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hope of revealing universal principals. an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth
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Survey
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a technique for ascertaining the self- reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.
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Correlation Coefficient
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a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
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An experiment
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a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors, to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.
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Cause and effect
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the study of why things happen when they do and the effect they have on surrounding factors.
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Independent and Dependent Variables (their roles in experimentation)
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the 2 factors which are principles in the research method of conducting an experiment
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Action Potential
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a neutral impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.p54
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Threshold (Re:Neurons)
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the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
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Neurotransmitters
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chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons
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Neural networks ( What strengthens them?)
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neurons that are clustered into work groups. They get stronger by joining with other neurons. P 63 & 64
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Hypothalamus
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a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
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Endocrine System (What does it consists of?)
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a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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Endocrine System –(What does it produce?)
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Hormones
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Mutations – ( what are they a source of?)
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a random error in gene replication that leads to a change the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity. P 100
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Identical Twins studies
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the study of twins who develop from a single fertilized that splits in 2, creating 2 genetically identical organisms.
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Temperament
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a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
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Culture
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the enduring behavior, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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Norms
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe “proper behavior”
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Gender Roles
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a set of expected behavior for males and females
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Teratogen
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agents, such as some chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
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Habituation
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decreasing responsiveness with repeated simulation.
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*****Piaget ( convinced that the mind of a child does what?) -
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a child's mind developsthrough a series of stagesin an upward march from newborn reflexes to the adult abstract reassuring power
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Assimilation and Accomodation
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Assimilation - interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas. Accomodation - adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new info.
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Attachment
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an emotional tie with another person
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Insecure and secure attachment
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Insecure - unwilling to explore new surroundings
Secure - ok to explore in a room full of toys |
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Authoritative Parenting
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greatest sense of control over a child
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Puberty
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the period of sexual maturation, period when one becomes capable of reproducing
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Sensation
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process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
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Perception
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(hidden images) process of organizing, interpreting sensory info enabling us to recognize maningful objects and events
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Absolute Threshold
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the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
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Transduction
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conversion of one form of energy into another.In sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses
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Parallel Processing
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the process of several aspects of a problem simultaneously. The brains natural mode of info processing
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Vision and visual capture
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Vision- dominent sense
Visual capture - the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses eg. a movie in a theatre |
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Gestalt Psychology( the whole is more than the sum of its parts)
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emphasize our tendency to to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
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Retinal Desparity
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a binocular cue for perceiving depth
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Visual Cliff Experiments
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lab device for testing depth, perception, in infants and young animals
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Fantasy-prone personality
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a fantasy that seems real.(lucid)
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day dreaming studies
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people with few daydreams have more violent lives.
People with many have better lives |
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circadian rhythm
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the biological clock. Regular body rhythms that occur every 24 hours
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sleep stages
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alpha waves,spindle ( burst of activity) transition stage,delta waves deep sleep
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haalucinations
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false sensory experiences
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Human sleep cycle
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repeats itself every 90 mins
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Freud's basis of dreams
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key to understanding our inner conflicts all dreams stem from erotic wishes
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Freud's Manifest and latent content of dreams
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incorporates traces of previous days experiences and preoccupations
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activation-synthesis theory
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psychological explanation of dreams
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REM rebound
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tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep depravation due to awakenings during previous REM sleep
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John B Watson
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a behaviorist only interested in behavior
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Ivan Pavlov's Unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and Responses
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learned, stimulus and response )CR,CS)
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Operant Conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed bt a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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Skinner box
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an experimental box where an animal learns to pecks to obtain treats
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Reinforcer
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anything that makes behavior continue. ( oh what a nice picture you drew)
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Intermittent reinforcement
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reinforcing a response only part of the time
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Positive reinforcement vs. punishment
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Positive reinforcement - what therapists favor. Punishment brings on attention and so it continues.
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Albert Bandura
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observational learning - modeling
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LEARNING BY OBSERVATION
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learning by observing
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