Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Studying the brain - brain damage
|
damage to known regions of the brain allow us to corrolate brain regions to observed behavioral changes
phineas gage |
|
|
Lesion studies
|
purposely destroy a part of the brain
observe behavioral changes |
|
|
Studying the brain - electrical stimulation
|
use current to activate a region of the brain
known in humans to stimulate memories and can affect physical behavior |
|
|
fMRI
|
functional magnetic resonance imaging
looks at oxygen levels in the brain to determine activity in certain regions |
|
|
phrenology
|
brrrt
please try again |
|
|
5 methods for studying the brain
classical and modern |
phrenology
brain damage lesion studies electrical stimulation fMRI |
|
|
brain structure and personality
|
the brain is composed of specialized but interconnected regions
in constant communication there’s no personality center: personality comes from the interplay between regions |
|
|
Eysenck and brain structure
|
Eysenck was the Extraversion/Neuroticism/Psychoticism guy
focused on the RAS (reticular activating system) to explain intro/extra excitability |
|
|
excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the brain
|
RAS
associated with Eysenck’s extraversion and neuroticism model |
|
|
RAS
|
reticular activating system
part of brain stem connections to cerebral cortex and other parts |
|
|
The Lemon Test
|
questionnaire given to assess introversion or extraversion
then subjects were given lemon juice prediction that introverts would produce more saliva due to being more amped to begin with? |
|
|
Does Eysenck’s RAS theory have merit
|
yes
introverts react more strongly and more negatively to sensory stimulation do note - RAS is not a faucet some areas of the brain may be stimulated while others are not |
|
|
Amygdala
|
associated with emotional processes
evolutionarily old and thus the foundation of emotional processing is ancient and is found amongst a variety of species links perceptions and thoughts with emotional meaning charles whitman |
|
|
links perceptions and thoughts with emotional meaning
|
amygdala
|
|
|
brain part associated with excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms in the brain
|
RAS
|
|
|
differences in amygdala function and relevance to personality traits
|
amygdala is highly active in shy people shown pictures of strangers
for extraverts it’s more active for pictures of happy faces |
|
|
Charles Whitman
|
Amygdala tumor
|
|
|
Frontal Lobes
|
Associated with higher functioning
speech, planning, interpreting Somatic Marker Hypothesis |
|
|
brain part affected by concussion
|
frontal lobes
|
|
|
effects of concussion
|
fogginess of thought
difficulty with memorization difficulty with math difficulty with executive functions (multi step plans) thus we see the effects of damage to the frontal lobes |
|
|
Phineas Gage
|
railroad company exec
explosion drove iron bar through his cheek, frontal lobes, and exited exhibited impulsivity and emotional flattening |
|
|
impulsivity associated with what brain part
|
frontal lobes - remember phineas gage
|
|
|
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
|
emotional feeling is required for effective decision making
supported by gage and others with frontal lobe damage |
|
|
behavior associated with damage to frontal lobes
|
trouble regulating impulses and feelings
trouble understanding others’ emotions trouble planning or making decisions |
|
|
ADD and brain parts
|
underactive frontal lobes
|
|
|
the three big personality parts of the brain and what they do
|
RAS - arousal
Amygdala - perception Frontal lobes - decision making |
|
|
what do neurons do?
|
transmit sensations
connect sensations to memories, feelings send behavioral instructions to muscles |
|
|
describe neuron anatomy
|
cell body
axons dendrites |
|
|
function of dendrites
|
fingers at the end of axon which send messages via neurotransmitters
|
|
|
high levels of dopamine associated witht
|
addiction
psychosis schizophrenia |
|
|
why is dopamine associated with addiction?
|
it’s associated with the reward sensation
makes you high love too! |
|
|
low levels of dopamine assocaited with
|
Parkinsons
ADHD (muscle control and impulsivity) |
|
|
what does dopamine do?
|
associated with body movements
and the reward sensation |
|
|
what does serotonin do?
|
affects behavioral and emotional inhibition
|
|
|
low levels of serotonin assocaited with
|
depression
anxiety bipolar disorder eating disorders |
|
|
Describe how SSRIs work
|
thanks!
|
|
|
what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
|
they are both hormones and neurotransmitter
aka adrenaline and noradrenaline fight or flight mechanisms |
|
|
low levels of epi and norepi associated with
|
ADHD
depression poor emotional stability (lack of affect, or too much affect) |
|
|
SNRI
|
like an SSRI, but for norep
|
|
|
describe selective breeding studies
|
used to study heridtary effect on personality
can study behavioral tendencies compared to animals who do not have the selected trait |
|
|
describe how selective breeding studies sort the effects of genetics v. environment
|
genetically identical animals who be have differently show the effects of environment
evironmentally identical conditions show effects of genetics |
|
|
how many genes do humans have?
what is the percentage that is identical for all humans? |
30k
99% |
|
|
monozygotic twins
|
same fertilized egg
|
|
|
dizygotic twins
|
different eggs
|
|
|
twin studies
|
strong corrolations in MZ v DZ twins in extravrsion and neuroticism
so MZs are more alike than DZs |
|
|
adoption studies
|
ideally, study MZ twins in different environments
similaritieds to bio parents = genetics sims to adoptive parents = environment |
|
|
importantce of genetics and personality
|
very important -- but so is environment
everything is influenced (rather than caused) by genes, but this is also true of environment |
|
|
unique experiences end up being more important for personality development than shared experiences -- numbers? (this is a random note, not sure of relevance)
|
genetic factors = 40%
non-shared environmental factors = 35% shared environmental factors = 5% |
|
|
describe more complex interactions between genetics and environment
|
the same environment can have different effects on people with different genetics
different genetics evoke different response from the environment people select environments that complement their genes environments can overwhelm the effects of genes (poor nutrition overwhelms the genes that make you tall and healthy) |
|
|
Key concept of EvoPsych
|
people want to:
survive reproduce ensure that their own genes survive and features of the mind evolved to solve the problems important to reproductive success |
|
|
examples of evolution in psychology
good and bad |
development of depth perception
taste preferences for fat |
|
|
psychological modules
|
EvoPsych term -- we’ve developed multiple domain-specific modules
mating rituals are one fear of lions are another (because they ruin reproductie chances) |
|
|
evopsych and sex differences
|
biological difference result in different roles
men’s job is to impregnate women’s job is to nurture so m and w have different brains due to evolving to solve their specific problems |
|
|
evopsych and jealousy
|
women are more concerned with emotional attachment due to threat of loss of resources
men are concerned with sexual infidelity due to threat to paternal probability |
|
|
Parental investment theory
|
bio differneces cause women to invest more in parenting
women pay more and have higher replacement costs for reproduction so women want men who have the potential of providing resources and protection while men want women who have more reproductive potential thus men are attracted to younger women, and vice versa |
|
|
why are women attracted to older men and vice versa?
|
parental investment theory
|
|
|
so are psych sex differences bio based?
|
well, not really -- psych sex differences are smaller in societies in which men and women have different societal roles
|
|
|
evolutionary theory and the big 5
|
knowing where a person stands in the big 5 chart is important in a complex society
does she have my back? will he help raise the kids? evolution may explain why the big 5 are so prominent in our culture and why the terms exist at all |
|
|
evopsych objection:
Methodology |
how do you test these theories?
psych the science is much younger than psych the phenomenon alternative explanations (societal pressure...) are as well supported |
|
|
evopsych objection:
Reproductive Instinct - does eveyrone want lots of babbbiees? |
well, yes -- or, rather, our bodies and psyches do
we’ve evolved in such a way that the infrastructure causes sexual attraction, desire, pleasure, regardless of our intellectual wants |
|
|
evopsych objection:
rape and child abuse are bad, aggression is bad how can these traits have evolved? |
just because it’s natural doesn’t mean it’s good
and it may be good and bad aggression, for ex., has many positive uses as well |
|
|
biological reductionism and psych
|
will bio take over psy?
no there’s too much information about psy to pin on simple biology and bio has no good origin for itself |
|
|
Freud’s greatest contribution to PSY
|
The Talking Cure
|
|
|
The Talking Cure
|
Freud’s invention
allowing the client to talk note: useful even if nothing’s being said |
|
|
Freud’s precursor to psychoanalytic theory
|
Seduction theory
|
|
|
seduction theory
|
Freud’s initial psy theory
some childhood trauma causes a fixation fixation causes anxiety and depression now recognized as PTSD |
|
|
The 4 key ideas of psychoanalytic theory
|
psychic determinism
internal structure psychic conflict and compromise mental energy |
|
|
psychic determinism
|
nothing is an accident
thus: The Freudian Slip everything has an identifiable cause if you trip, there’s somehting you tripped over same with the Slip same with trouble in a relationship -- there’s a cause thus, many mental processes are unconscious |
|
|
psychoanalysis: Internal Structure
|
the iceberg analogy
we have the conscious, visible self the preconscious just below the surface and the unconscious, unseen without seeking Id, Superego, Ego |
|
|
Id
|
doesn’t say “no”
has no concept of time or space Primary Process Thinking operates on the pleasure principle animalistic |
|
|
Primary Process Thinking
|
the realm of the id
seeking of immediate gratification without regard to consequences |
|
|
the pleasure principle
|
the realm of the id
at root, people seek pleasure and avoid pain of any sort - physical, mental, etc |
|
|
Superego
|
the ultra-moral part of the mind
demands moral and righteous behavior directly opposes the id’s selfishness is rigid and repressive |
|
|
Ego
|
the rational part of the mind
seeks to balance the id and superego engages in secondary process thinking operates on the Reality Principle |
|
|
secondary process thinking
|
realm of the ego
rational, practical, prudent delayed gratification develops only as the ego developes - not present in babies |
|
|
the reality principle
|
knowing that reality may require different action than the thing that would provide the most pleasure at the moment
opposite of the pleasure principle |
|
|
psychic conflict and compromise
|
when the ISE conflict, anxiety occurs
the role of the ego then is to find the middle ground compromise formation |
|
|
compromise formation
|
the primary function of the ego
eases anxiety due to conflict between I and S |
|
|
the ego’s primary function
|
Compromise formation
|
|
|
mental energy
|
aka libido
the mind needs energy to make it go repressing bad stuff leaves less energy with which to live and be healthy which is why you forget stuff when working on a big project, etc |
|
|
libido
|
mental energy
life drive opposite of thanatos |
|
|
thanatos
|
death drive
opposite of libido because there’s always an opposite (doctrine of opposites) |
|
|
doctrine of opposites
|
everything requires an opposite
one cannot exist without the other seen in Freud’s theories as libido and thanatos |
|
|
the psychosexual stages
|
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
|
|
|
phys focus of oral stage
|
mouth
how infants get nutrition and explore the environment |
|
|
psych theme of oral stage
|
dependency
baby needs parent to do everything |
|
|
fixation of oral stage
|
over-coddling =
overdependence, needy, entitled under-coddling = fierce independence associated with oral habits - smoking, gum chewing |
|
|
phys focus of anal stage
|
anus
|
|
|
psych focus of anal stage
|
self control and obedience
first time child hears “no” ego develops at this stage |
|
|
fixation of anal stage
|
overstrict parents = the anal retentive person
vice versa |
|
|
age range of oral stage
|
0 to 18 months
|
|
|
age range of anal stage
|
18 months to 3 years
|
|
|
age range of phallic stage
|
3 years to 7 years
|
|
|
phys focus of phallic stage
|
understanding of one’s genitals
and what they mean culturally grasping anatomical differences in sexes |
|
|
psych focus of phallic stage
|
gender identity and sexuality
Identification castration anxiety v. penis envy |
|
|
Identification
|
psychological focus of the phallic stage
boy acts like father to impress the mother vice versa |
|
|
castration anxiety
|
boy recognizes that girls have no penis
think she must have done something wrong to lose it this makes boys more moral? |
|
|
penis envy
|
girl recognizes that she has no penis
feeling of inadequacy no further fear of castration means that girls are less moral than boys |
|
|
fixation of phallic stage
|
fixation = ultra moral character
puritanical rejection = antipuritanical |
|
|
age range of latency stage
|
7 to puberty
|
|
|
latency stage
|
a break between phallic and genital stages
learning what is needed fo adulthood |
|
|
age range for the genital stage
|
puberty on
(major changes happen during adolescence and early adulthood) |
|
|
phys focus of genital stage
|
genitals
|
|
|
psych theme of genital stage
|
maturity and productivity
contributing to society |
|
|
fixation of genital stage
|
workaholic v. slacking
|
|
|
Free Association
|
say what comes to mind
completely off the cuff ties into Freud’s concept of psychic determinism thus allowing one to uncover a fixation |
|
|
transferrence
|
placing the traits of someone you know onto a stranger
|
|
|
3 reasons why psychoanalytic therapy should work
|
conflict is less intense, allowing discussion to occur
therapist assumes a different attitude than a parent would adult ego is more developed - allowing one to deal with issues without becoming fixated |
|
|
internal psy structure and anxiety
|
anxiety arises from conflict between ISE
and so we try to deal with it using defense mechanisms |
|
|
defense mechanisms
|
automatic function of the ego
distort reality or exclude feelings with goal of eliminating the anxiety that arises from conflict within ISE |
|
|
Denial
|
defense mechanism
refusal to acknowledge the source of anxiety including denial of your own behaviors (roger clemens may truly believe that he didn’t use) |
|
|
Projection
|
defense mechanism
notings things in others which are actually aspects of yourself that you don’t like ”why are all you SOBs so hostile?” |
|
|
Reaction Formation
|
defense mechanism
defending against a negative impulse by overreacting spitzer? gay preachers but not necessarily so nefarious: see Sibling Rivalry |
|
|
Sibling Rivalry
|
sibling HATES the new baby
attempts to harm the baby are met with disapproval and punishment so the sibling learns to repress the hatred and instead engages in elaborate displacement of affection now LOVES baby to help prevent the desire to harm it |
|
|
Rationalization
|
defense mechanism
different from denial person realizes actions but distorts motives interpret behavior to make it appear more reasonable Amy Fisher: It was the only way me and Joey could be together! |
|
|
Intellectualization
|
defense mechanism
turning an anxiety-provoking issue into something unemotional so the act or thought is recognized but denied the normal accompanying emotion like surgeons and generals (and surgeons general?) Petraeus: Collateral damage is an unfortunate but necessary part of armed conflict |
|
|
Displacement
|
defense mechanism
makes the object of emotional reesponse move from an unsafe target to a safe one Freud says there must be some similarity between targets so smoking is an alternatie to sucking your thumb yelling at your spouse is an alternative to yelling at your boss |
|
|
Sublimation
|
defense mechanism
type of displacement forbidden impulses are transformed into constructive behaviors so, letterman channels cynicism into entertainment boxers channel violent impulses into sport psychologists channel voyeurism into helping people? Freud claimed sublimation was essential to a properly functioning society |
|
|
Repression
|
defense mechanism
banishing painful memories from conscious awareness _plays a part in all other defense mechanisms_ requires a lot of psychic energy |
|
|
Failure of repression
|
when psychic energy runs low
ego is unable to repress memories and feelings very well and they bubble to the surface and so people enter therapy |
|
|
recovered memory v. false memory
|
due to repression, people bury traumatic memories
and free association can bring these memories to light but mightn’t the memories be created by the probing of therapists? ritual satanic abuse |
|
|
Parapraxes
|
freudian slip
important: parapraxis may not be only the classic slip: forgetting is a form of parapraxis as well as well as other behavior (breaking that ugly lamp) |
|
|
Crit Eval of Psychoanalysis:
Scientific? |
No
no objective testing based entirely on the case study method |
|
|
Crit Eval of Psychoanalysis:
Systematic? |
Yes -- every part of the theory is interrelated
|
|
|
crit eval of psychoanalysis:
Testable? |
no
dependence on concept of psychic energy which can’t be studied also, not disprovable |
|
|
crit eval of psychoanalysis:
Comprehensive? |
yes - the most comprehensive of all theories
because it provides an explanation for all personality traits and includes mechanisms for how they came to be may be too comprehensive (just so) |
|
|
crit eval of psychoanalysis:
applicability |
absolutely
psychoanalysis _began_ as application and people who seek psychotherapy seem to be better off than people who do not |
|
|
another name for the neofreudians?
|
psychodynamicists
because they’re more focused on the dynamic processes of social situations |
|
|
Psychodynamics
|
the focus (and name for) the Neo-freudian
focus on the dynamic process of social situations |
|
|
3 differences between Freudian and Neo freudian
|
less emphasis on sex
(libido as a general motivator) more emphasis on conscious thought (focus on perception and comprehension of reality) more emphasis on interpersonal rather than intrapersonal processes |
|
|
Big players in NeoFreudianism
|
Adler
Jung Horney Erikson |
|
|
Adler’s main contributions
|
first breakaway from Freud
Organ Inferiority (inferiority complex) compensatory strivings Birth Order |
|
|
Organ inferiority
|
Adler
aka the inferiority complex everyone is inferior as a child how you deal with inferiority in childhood helps determine adult LIFESTYLE |
|
|
compensatory strivings
|
Adler
everyone desires to be effectively social SOCIAL INTEREST |
|
|
Social Interest
|
Adler
we have an innate interest in relating positively with society and being a productive member |
|
|
Define Birth Order
|
Adler
the environmental condition of birth order shapes one’s psychology |
|
|
Birth order - Oldest
|
Intelligent
achievement oriented conforming attracted to power seeks leadership roles |
|
|
Birth order - Middle
|
Competitive
ambitious motivated achievement oreiented middle child works harder to be noticed? works as a mediator? |
|
|
Birth order - Youngest
|
Sociable
dependent spoiled pampered |
|
|
birth order - Only
|
early maturing
(spent childhood mainly around adults) selfish craves attention |
|
|
Jung’s main contributions
|
Collective unconscious
Archetypes Persona Anima/Animus |
|
|
Jung’s main beef with Freud
|
thought that Freud overemphasized the idea that behaviors are a repetition of the past
thought that people had a forward-looking motivation instead |
|
|
Collective unconscious
|
Jung
cumulative experiences of our ancestors are shared by all humans thus we’ve developed archetypes: what does “father” mean? what does a house represent? |
|
|
Archetypes
|
Jung
result of collective unconscious what does “father” mean, etc... |
|
|
Persona
|
Jung
the mask we wear in our public lives to some extent, everyone’s persona is false so there is danger in identifying more with your persona than your real self ”i don’t feel like i’m myself when i’m with friends” |
|
|
Anima/Animus
|
Anima is the idealized image of the female in the male mind
and presents itself as “the feminine side” vice versa Anima becomes a problem when the idealized woman is unattainable |
|
|
Collective unconscious and generalizability
|
Jung says similarities in archetypes across cultures demonstrate universal unconscious motive to grow in self knowledge
|
|
|
Horney’s beef with Freud
|
believed culture was the major factor in pesonality, rather than biology
didn’t agree that women were inherently inferior (castration anxiety) Womb Envy -- Men compensate for their inability to bear children |
|
|
Erikson difference from Freud
|
said freud underestimated the importance of later psychological development
focused on conflicts and outcome at different stages of life, rather than “libidinal energy” Psychosocial _and_ psychosexual Had the 8 stages of development |
|
|
Erikson’s 8 stages
|
trust v. mistrust
autonomy v. shame/guilt initiative v. guilt industry v. inferiority identity v. identity confusion intimacy v. isolation generativity v. stagnation integrity v. despair |
|
|
Trust v. Mistrust
|
Erikson
first stage child learns whether needs and wants will be met, ignored, overindulged |
|
|
Autonomy v. Shame/Guilt
|
Erikson
second stage child deals with conflict between adults’ pressure to obey and their own control over life equates to Freud’s anal stage |
|
|
Initiative v. Guilt
|
Erikson
third stage child begins to anticpate and fantasize about life as an adult if adults don’t respond well, these thoughts lead to guilt and baking away from maturity child develps sense of morality at this stage (thus similar to Freud’s phallic stage” |
|
|
Industry v. Inferiority
|
Erikson
fourth stage child develops skills and attitudes necessary to being a successful adult |
|
|
identity v. identity confusion
|
Erikson
fifth stage adolescent aims to figure out who she is and what is important to her chooses values and goals consistent with above |
|
|
intimacy v. isolation
|
Erikson
sixth stage goal is to find an intimate life partner to share important experiences and developmental goals |
|
|
generativity v. stagnation
|
Erikson
seventh stage desire to rais and nurture children and do what needs to be done to ensure the progress of the next generation |
|
|
integrity v. despair
|
Erikson
eighth stage looking back over life experiences and feeling/not feeling regret |
|
|
Object relations theory
|
experiences with people in the past affect relationships with people in the future
object refers to an emotionally important person first object is your mother because she feeds you you see the good traits in your mother try to emulate them and seek them out in others don’t forget Splitting produced by Melanie Klein |
|
|
Melanie Klein
|
originator of Object Relations Theory
|
|
|
Klein’s 4 main principles of Object Relations Theory
|
every relationsihp has elements of pleasure and pain
love and hate is a mixture there’s a distinction between the parts of the love object and the whole person the psyche of the baby is aware of these contradictory feelings and is disturbed by them (leading to guilt) |
|
|
Splitting
|
children split their love objects into good and bad parts
children wish to destroy the bad part and worship the good part knowing they’re parts of the same person leads to conflict splitting allows them to cope people with bpd have trouble recognizing a split and lump people entirely into good and bad camps |
|
|
Goal for Object Relations Theory
|
get client to see that important people possess both good and bad traits, which make up the whole person
|
|
|
attachment theory
|
via transference, early relationships with parents form the template for future emotionally important relationships
|
|
|
John Bowlby
|
experience of love
future is shaped by how one is loved and comforted when scared or sick desire for protection makes us develop ATTACHMENTS |
|
|
Attachments
|
first experiences create attachements -- preferneces for templates for how a loved person “should be”
mental representations form for level of appropriate attachment |
|
|
mental representations
|
templates of how a loved one should behave
different typs of interaction cause different represenations, cause different attachment styles |
|
|
how do attachments work?
|
different types of interaction cause different mental representations of appropriate behavior for a loved one, which causes different styles of attachment
|
|
|
Mary Ainsworth
|
Strange Situation
|
|
|
Strange Situation
|
determines a baby’s attachment style
(describe what the test looks like) leads to three types of attachment |
|
|
Ainsworth’s 3 attachment styles
|
anxious-ambivalent
avoidant secure |
|
|
Anxious-ambivalent
|
Ainsworth
attachment style inconsistent action of caregivers child is vigilant of mothers presence clings feelings of hurt and insecurity |
|
|
Avoidant
|
Ainsworth
attachment style caregiver rebuffs attempts for contact child is distressed (known through physiometric measures) ignores when mother returns hostile, defiant, distant |
|
|
Secure
|
Ainsworth
attachment style upset when mother leaves but happy when she returns easily soothed when upset actively explores environment confident in mother’s support |
|
|
Attachment theory and self-fulfilling prophecy
|
attachment patterns in childhood are reinforced
defiant behavior makes people less likely to cooperate with you, etc |
|
|
how do therapists use attachment theory?
|
to teach patients about origins of their relationship styles
and point out more constructive ways to relate |
