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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dualism |
Belief that mind and body are different substances that exists independantly |
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Descartes Propsed |
Mind and brain interact at single point suggested pineal gland |
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Nearly all current sciencests reject_______ because_______. |
Dualsism Because a mind composed of matter or energy cannot make anything happen. Muscle movements could not be attributed to the mind. |
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Categories of Monism |
1. Materialism 2. Mentalism 3. ID Position |
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Materialsim |
everything that exists is phsycial or material |
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Mentralism |
everything only exists because of the mind |
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ID Position |
Mental and certain brain processes are not the same |
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Monism |
Belief only one substance in the universe |
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Monism Research |
Most reasonable working hypothesis Experience and brain act. are inseparable Mental activities requires brain activity |
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________ is a difficult concept to define because ______________. |
Consciousness, cannot be observed |
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Consciousness |
If a cooperative person reports the presence of a stimulus |
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Experiments on Masking |
Experiement with consciousness Brief visual stimulation is preceded and followed by longer interfering stimulus |
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Backwards Masking |
Brief stimulus and final stimulus presented |
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Consciousness of a stimulation depends on _________. |
amount and spread of brain activity |
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Binocular Rivalry |
slow and gradual shifts of the eye sweeping from one side to another |
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How Binocular Rivalry works |
stimulus seen by each eye evokes a brain response measured by fMRI Research show shift between stimulus is accompanied by pattern of large brain activity |
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Brain must ID stimulus as _______ before ______. |
Meaningful, you become conscious of it |
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Much of brain actvitiy is _________. |
Unconscious |
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Even _________ can influence behavior. |
Unconscious activity |
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Theory of Threshold phenomenon |
-Some research indicates consciousness is a yess/no phenomenon -If stimulus activates enough neurons to sufficient extent, the activity magnifies and extends over much of the brain -If a stimulus fails to reach that level, the pattern fades |
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Delay Exists |
Between event and conscionsness of it |
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Phi Phenomenon |
-Occurs when we see a dot in one position alternating with a similar dot nearby -Dot looks like its moving |
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Anesthesia and Consciousness |
-Marked by a decrease overall brain activity -Specifically in: Cerebral Cortex Thalamus Hypot. Basal Ganglia |
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Recovery of Consciousness after Anesthesia |
connection of indvual reconnecting areas then cortex |
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fMRI Vegatative State Research |
Ppl immage tennis= hightened activity in same area. Some veggie ppl can answer yes/no questions |
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Attention |
closely aligned with consciousness |
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Change Blindness |
when you see a complex scene, something changes and you are unaware |
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Bottom-Up |
Proecess of attention is a reaction to a simulus |
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Top-Down |
Intentional looking for someone in group Depends on prefrontal and parietly cortex |
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Ability to resist distraction |
-Varies amound indivual -Video games and meditation can improve top-down control |
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Neglect |
Innattention and opposite of attention |
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Spatial Neglect |
-Pronounced after stroke -Tendency to ignore left side of body and surroundings on left side of body and surroundings on left side -Associated with damage to right hemisphere of brain |
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Spatial Neglect Example |
Ignores left side |
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Stroop Effect |
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Allows for... |
each hemisphere of the brain to access information from both sides |
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The human brain is.... |
Asymetrical |
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Divison of labor between the two hemisphere known as.. |
Lateralization |
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Information between L/R hemispheres is exchanged between... |
Corpus Callosum Anterior and Hippocampal Commisure |
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Left side of the brain specialized for... |
language |
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Right side of the brain specialized for... |
Harder to summarize, aka-none |
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Viscal Feild |
what is visible at any moment |
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Connections between eyes, visual feild, and brain |
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______ of the axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain at _______. |
Half, Optic Chiasm |
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Auditory Connections |
Each ear sends info to both side for comparison. Opposite sides more attention |
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Epilepsy |
Condition characterized by repeated episodes of excessive syncronized neural activity (1-2% of population) |
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Epilepsy Cause |
Can result from a gene mutation on the GABA receptor |
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Split-Brain Operation |
Damage to corpus callosum |
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Antiepiletic Drugs |
Block sodium flow across membrane or enhance GABA effects Most ppl respond to this |
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Epilepsy surgical option |
Removing focus of where seziures begin Or split-brain operation (normal functions normally, just use different hands) |
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Sperry (1974) |
Revealed behavior differences for split brain people. |
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Differences for Split Brain People |
-Difficulty naming objects brefily veiwed in left visual feild -Small info can be transmitted via. small commissures -Hemis show diff of opinion if tested carefully |
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Split Brain Competition and Cooperation |
Immediately after surgery the brain hemis are in conflict, but it passes after time |
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Gazzangia (2000) |
Propsed concept of the left brain as the interpereter |
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Left Brain "Interpretor" |
Tendancy to invert and defend expliantions for actions Speech |
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Inactivated L/R Hemi |
Left inactive: cannot speak Right inactive: cannot remember feeling emotion |
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More difficult to do two things at once when.... |
Both activities depend on same hemisphere |
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Planum Temporale |
Area of temporal cortex that is larger in the left hemisphere of 65% of ppl from birth. People with with tend to be right handed |
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Maturation of Corpus Callosum |
Quickly grows: 3-5 to facilitate comparison of stimulation between two hands. Grows gradually and thickens as myelin increases around certain axons during kid-teen years |
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Most tasks... |
USE BOTH HEMISPHERES |
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Comparateivly the human language has... |
high productivity (ability to improve/new) |
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Chimp Language |
Use of symbols rarely used in new combination or to describe new things, and almost always used to request something/not describe |
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Bonobos |
Improved sign language Social order resembles humans, they request items not seen |
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Language may have evolved from |
gestures and lip movements |
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Why did humans develop langage? |
No easy answer possibly due to long periods of childhood dependancy and social interactions |
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Chomsky and Pinker |
Proposed humans have a language acquisiton device (built in method for acquring lang) evidence is the ease of child learning lang |
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Williams Syndrome |
When someone is stupid as f****, but doesnt actually have any lang. impairments. Cause is delition of chromosome 7 which casues decreased gray matter (esp. in visual cortex) |
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Language DOES NOT depend on.. |
Large brain or overall intelligence because ppl with full brain and overall intelligence still cant speak and ppl who are stupid as f*** can still have normal lang. |
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Brain Lang. Theories |
By product of overal brain development or as an evolved specialization |
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______ necessary for lang. |
Auditory working memory |
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Human brain has ______ between _____ and ____ compared to other species. |
Greater connection between the prefrontal lobe and auditory cortex. |
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Phonological Loop |
Ability to hear and remember somehting |
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Non primates... |
still have lang. |
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Nonhuman lang. abilites suggest... |
lang. evolved from a precursor found in other species |
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Studies of non human lang.... |
help us find a good way to teach lang esp. for those impaired |
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Bonobos explinations for higher than normal lang. abilities include: |
1. Obsevered to learn instead of trained 2. Higher potential 3. Started earlier |
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Language is... |
hard to define, ambigoutrious |
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Role of different brain areas... |
can change esp. after accident |
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Brocas Aphasia |
Nonfluent Slow/aka with all communication speaking is hard, understanding not seldom use pronouns, ect |
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Aphasia |
Difficutly with language |
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Bilingualism |
Children under age of 6 use both hemispheres People over age of 12 rarely reach native fluency |
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Dyslexia |
More common in boys In all lang. Gene linked |
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Dyslexia Characteristics
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1. Spoonerism 2. Right visual field more easily IDd 3. Poor auditory memory |
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_____ activates when musicains sight read. |
Brocas Area |
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_____ and _____ may have arisen together. |
Music and Lang. |
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No other species develops____ to human extent |
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Anomia |
difficulty naming objects |
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Wernickes Area |
Fluent Aphaisa Anomia can speak, cannot understand other people |
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Spoonerism |
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