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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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adolescence
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begins with puberty and ends when the individual has acquired adult competencies and responsibilities.
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age effects
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the effects of getting older or of developing.
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age grades
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Socially defined age groups or strata, each with different statuses, roles, privileges, and responsibilities in society.
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age norms
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Expectations about what people should be doing or how they should behave at different points in the life span.
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baby biographies
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Carefully recorded observations of the growth and development of children by their parents over a period
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baby boom generation
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The huge generation of people born between 1946 (the close of World War II) and 1964.
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bioecological model
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the developing person is embedded in a series of environmental systems. These systems interact with one another and with the individual over time to influence development.
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biological aging
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The deterioration of organisms that leads inevitably to their death.
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case study method
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An in-depth examination of an individual that often involves compiling and analyzing information from a variety of sources such as observing, testing, and interviewing the person or people who know the individual.
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centenarian
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An individual who lives to be 100 years of age.
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chronosystem
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, the system that captures the way changes in environmental systems, such as social trends and life events, are patterned over a person's lifetime.
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cohort
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A group of people born at the same time
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bioecological model
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Bronfenbrenner's model of development that emphasizes the roles of both nature and nurture as the developing person interacts with a series of environmental systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem).
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biological aging
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The deterioration of organisms that leads inevitably to their death.
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case study method
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An in-depth examination of an individual that often involves compiling and analyzing information from a variety of sources such as observing, testing, and interviewing the person or people who know the individual.
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centenarian
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An individual who lives to be 100 years of age.
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chronosystem
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, the system that captures the way changes in environmental systems, such as social trends and life events, are patterned over a person's lifetime.
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cohort
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A group of people born at the same time
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cohort effects
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In cross-sectional research, the effects on ndings that the different age groups (cohorts) being compared were born at different times and had different formative experiences. Contrast with age effects and time of measurement effects.
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correlation coefficient
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A measure, ranging from 1.00 to 1.00, of the extent to which two variables or attributes are systematically related to each other in either a positive or a negative way.
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correlational method
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A research technique that involves determining whether two or more variables are related. It cannot indicate that one thing caused another, but it can suggest that a causal relationship exists or allow us to predict one characteristic from our knowledge of another.
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dependent variable
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The aspect of behavior measured in an experiment and assumed to be under the control of, or dependent on, the independent variable.
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embryonic period
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Second phase of prenatal development, week 3-8, major organs and anatomical structures begin to develop.
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emerging adulthood
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Newly identified period of the life span extending from about age 18 to age 25, when young people are neither adolescents nor adults and are exploring their identities, careers, and relationships.
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environment
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Events or conditions outside the person that are presumed to in uence and be influenced by the individual.
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Ethnocentrism
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The belief that one's own cultural or ethnic group is superior to others.
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exosystem
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In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological approach, settings not experienced directly by individuals still influence their development (for example, effects of events at a parent's workplace on children's development).
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Experiment
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A research strategy in which the investigator manipulates or alters some aspect of a person's environment to measure its effect on the individual's behavior or development.
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experimental control
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The holding of all other factors besides the independent variable in an experiment constant so that any changes in the dependent variable can be said to be caused by the manipulation of the independent variable.
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Gene
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A functional unit of heredity made up of DNA and transmitted from generation to generation.
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Gerontology
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The study of aging and old age.
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Growth
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The physical changes that occur from conception to maturity.
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Hypothesis
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A theoretical prediction about what will hold true if we observe a phenomenon.
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independent variable
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A variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher
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Learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that results from a person's experiences or practice.
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longitudinal design
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A developmental research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly over months or years.
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Macrosystem
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the larger cultural or subcultural context of development.
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Maturation
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the biological unfolding of the individual according to a plan contained in the genes
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Mesosystem
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interrelationships between microsystems or immediate environments (for example, ways in which events in the family affect a child's interactions at a day care center).
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meta-analysis
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A research method in which the results of multiple studies addressing the same question are synthesized to produce overall conclusions.
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Microsystem
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the immediate settings in which the person functions (for example, the family).
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naturalistic observation
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A research method in which the scientist observes people as they engage in common everyday activities in their natural habitats. Contrast with structured observation.
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nature-nurture issue
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The debate over the relative importance of biological predispositions (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) as determinants of human development.
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Population
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A well-defined group that a researcher who studies a sample of individuals is interested in drawing conclusions about.
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quasi experiment
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An experiment-like study that evaluates the effects of different treatments but does not randomly assign individuals to treatment groups.
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random assignment
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A technique in which research participants are placed in experimental conditions in an unbiased or random way so that the resulting groups are not systematically different.
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random sample
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A sample formed by identifying all members of the larger population of interest and then selecting a portion of them in an unbiased or random way to participate in the study
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research ethics
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Standards of conduct that investigators are ethically bound to honor to protect their research participants from physical or psychological harm.
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Sample
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The group of individuals chosen to be the subjects of a study.
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scientific method
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a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses
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Sequential design
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A developmental research design that combines the cross-sectional approach and the longitudinal approach in a single study to compensate for the weaknesses of each.
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social clock
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A personal sense of when things should be done in life and when the individual is ahead of or behind the schedule dictated by age norms.
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socioeconomic status (SES)
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The position people hold in society based on such factors as income, education, occupational status, and the prestige of their neighborhoods.
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storm and stress
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Hall's term for the emotional ups and downs and rapid changes that he believed characterize adolescence.
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structured observation
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A research method in which scientists create special conditions designed to elicit the behavior of interest to achieve greater control over the conditions under which they gather behavioral data. Contrast with naturalistic observation.
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Theory
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A set of concepts and propositions designed to organize, describe, and explain a set of observations.
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time of measurement effects
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In developmental research, the effects on findings of historical events occurring when the data for a study are being collected (for example, psychological changes brought about by an economic depression rather than as a function of aging). Contrast with age effects and cohort effects.
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A negative correlation coefficient means
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as one score increases, the other score decreases
example:(as in the relationship between self-esteem and depression; as self-esteem increases, the rate of depression decreases). |
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A positive correlation coefficient indicates
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that the scores go up and down together
example: (as with smoking and cancer). |
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development
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systematic changes and continuities in the individual that occur between conception and death "from womb to tomb"
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Optimization
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developing a positive direction
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Description
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to characterize the behavior of humans
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