Psy 376 Ch-7: Cognition

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Cognition

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the activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired and problems are solved.

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What was piaget very intrigued about in children?

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He was intrigued by children's mistake because he notices that children o the same age made similar kinds of mental mistakes.

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Genetic Epistemology

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the study of how humans come to know reality and basic dimensions of it such as space, time, and causality.

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How did piaget initially conduct research on epistimology?

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by observing his own infants

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Clinical Method

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a flexible question-and-answer technique use to discover how children think about problems.

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Schemes

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cognitive structures or organized patterns of action or thought that people construct to interpret their experiences..

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Piaget believed that all schmes - all forms of understanding are created through the operation of two inborn intellectual functions which he called _________ and __________.

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organization and adaption

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organization

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children systematically combine existing schmes into new more complex ones

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adaptation

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the process of adjusting to the demands of the environment. Occurs through assmiliation and accomodation

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By what two processes does adaption occur?

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assimilation and accommodation

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assimilation

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the process by which we interpret new experiences in terms of exchistin schmes or cognitive structures

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accomodation

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the process of modifying existing schemes to better fit new experiences.

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equilibration

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the process of achieving mental stability where our internal thoughts ar consistent with the evidence we are recieving from the external world

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primary circular reactions

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repetition of interesting acts centered on the child's own body (repeatedly suck a thumb, kick legs, blow bubbles)

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secondary circular reactions

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repetition of interesting acts on objects (repeatedly shake a rattle to make an interesting noise or bat a mobile to make it wiggle)

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coordination of secondary schemes

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combination of actions to solve simple problems (secondary actions to achieve simple goals such as pushing an obstacle out of the way)

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tertiary circular reactions

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experimentation to find new ways to solve problems or produce interesting outcomes (eg explore bathwater by gently patting it then hitting it vigorously and watching the results)

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object permanence

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the fundamental understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight

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A not B error

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the tendency of 8 - 12 month olds to search for an object in the place where they last found it (A) rather than in its new hiding place B

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symbolic capacity

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the ability to use images, words, or gestures to represent or stand for objects and experiences

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During what period of time is the preoperational stage?

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2 to 7 years old

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perceptual salience

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information that is the focus of people's attention

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conservation

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the idea that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way. (water demonstration)

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decentration

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the ability to focus on two or more dimensions of a problem at once

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centration

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the tendency to center attention on a single aspect of the problem

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reversibility

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the process of mentally undoing or reversing an action

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transformational thought

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the ability to conceptualize transformations or processes of change from one state to another (for example as when water is poured from one glass to another)

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static thought

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thought that is fixed on end states rather than the changes that transform one state into another

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egocentrism

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a tendency to view the world solely from one's own perspective and to have difficulty recognizing other points of view

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class inclusion

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the logical understanding that the parts are included within the whole

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seriation

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enables them to arrange items mentally along a quantifiable dimension such as length or weight

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transivity

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describes the necessary relations among elements in a series

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Piaget used the term _________ to refer to the process in which a child modifies new information to fit into an existing schema. Example - a child sees a cow for the first time and says "doggy." The child fits the strange animal into the existing schema of "doggy.

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assimilation

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Preoperational thinkers fail to demonstrate conservation because of limitations in _____________

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irreversible thought
centration
static thought

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What is transformational thought?

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the ability to conceptualize change from one state to another

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What type of thought do preoperational thinkers engage in?

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static thought

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What concept does this demonstrate:
Older children often display mastery of this by suggesting that the water be poured back into its original container to prove that it is still the same amount.

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Reversibility

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What stage do children go through around the age of 7 - 11 years old?

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Concrete Operations Stage

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In what stage can infants internalize behavioral schemes to construct mental symbols that can guide future behavior.

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Sensorimotor stage

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The symbolic capacity that emerges during infancy permits full mastery of _____________________, or the understanding that the objects continue to exist even when not perceive by the child

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object permanence

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In which of Piaget's stages can a child talk?

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Preoperational

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In the preoperational stage a child cannot understand that the parts are included within the whole. What is this concept called?

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class inclusion

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Understanding that certain properties of an object do not change when the object’s appearance is changed in a superficial way.

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Conservation

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Preoperational thinkers do not understand the concept of conservation because they engage in __________, _____________, and ______________________.

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centration, irreversible thought, static thought

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horziontal decalage

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refers to an individual's tendency to rely most heavily on the most developed abilities (at a given stage of development) to scaffold or support the development of other, less well-developed ones.

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concrete operations are mental actions on __________ whereas formal operations are mental actions on _____

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objects, ideas

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What is one of piaget's famous tests for formal operational thinking?

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the pendulumtask

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hypothetical deductive reasoning

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When faced with a problem, you start with a general theory of all possible factors that might affect an outcome and deduce from it specific hypothesis (or predictions) about what might happen.

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decontextualizing

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to seperate prior knowledge and beliefs from the demands of the task at hand

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___________ increases the likelihood of using reasoning to analyze a problem logically rather than relying or intuition on faulty existing knowledge.

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decontextualizing

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adult egocentrism

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difficulty differentiation one's own thoughts and feelings from those of other people.

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imaginary audience

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phenomenon involves confusing your own thoughts with those of hypothesized audience for your behavior

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personal fable

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a tendency to think that you and your thoughts and feelings are unique

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zone of proximal development

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the gap between what the learner can accomplish independently and what she can accomplish with the guidance and encouragement of a more skilled partner

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Piaget tended to view cognitive development as __________. Current research suggests that cognitive development is __________.

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discontinuous, continuous

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Frieda, four years old, sees a wolf at the zoo. At first it looks like a dog to her, but she hears her mom say "wolf" and learns the new label. What is this an example of?

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accomodation

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An infant repeatedly bangs her spoon on her tray to make an interesting noise. Which substage of the sensorimotor period is she most likely to be within?

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secondary circular reactions

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By what age is object permanence mastered?

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18 months