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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what ages do women usually have a higher rate of delievering low birth weight infants?
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Under 20 and over 40.
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What supplement is necessary to avoid spina bifida?
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Folic acid.
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What teratogen can cause slow growth, nervous system delays, mental retardation and physical facial deformities?
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Alcohol.
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This teratogen restricts blood supply and causes increased miscarriage as a result.
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Nictotine.
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What outcome does caffiene in large doses usually have on infants?
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
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What disease is the best example of a disease harming an infant?
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Rubella.
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What is the Rh factor?
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An inherited characteristic and dominant genetic trait; chemical factor used to identify blood type.
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What is perinatology?
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Area of medical science concerned with detection and treatment of illness in developing individuals during the prenatal stage.
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What is the purpose of an ultrasound?
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Measures growth of the fetus and helps to see if structural development is progressing well.
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What is chorionic villi sampling?
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Biopsy is taken from the tissue surrounding the fetus.
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What is embryoscopy?
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The usage of a small viewing instrument that is placed into women's abdomen and structural abnormalities can be detected.
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What is the Psychoprophylatic method of childbirth?
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The natural childbirth option - based on Pavlovian concepts of classical conditioning; use of breathing and invovlement from the partner.
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What is a doula?
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Care for new mothers like midwives that have been present in many cultures;
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What is rooming-in?
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Baby is placed in the room with the mother and the mother takes care of the baby while they are in hospital.
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In what set-up are children, family friends, etc. welcome during childbirth?
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In birthing rooms - more comfortable and relaxed than traditional labor rooms; furnished like a bedroom in a house;
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What does the invovlement of the family in childbirth promote?
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Emotional bonding of the people who are there to the newborn;
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What do alternative methods for conducting childbirth do?
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Mimimize stress of birth for the baby;
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What is infancy?
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The period of the lifespan that extends between birth and three years of age.
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What is the Psychoanalytic View of infancy?
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Based on Freudian psychology; places importance on early experiences in determining characteristics later on in the life span; human personality is permanently formed in infancy.
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What is the Developmental View of infancy?
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This theory sees the infant as adaptable, can intiate behaviors, and make responses by interacting with the surrounding environment.
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In which conceptual view of infancy are the parents seen as solely responsible for their child's developmental outcome?
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The psychoanalytic view.
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What is one of the earliest reflexes to appear?
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The sucking reflex - parents need to decide between bottle and breast feeding for the child.
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What is a major concern when introducing solid foods?
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The supply of iron and protien must be sufficient so malnutrition does not occur.
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What usually arises in toddlers around two years of age regarding sleeping?
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Negativism; often related to the growing autonomy or fear of the dark/being left alone;
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What is attachment?
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The attraction to someone based on psychological bonding; strong affectional tie between an infant and his/her caregiver; essential for infants survival and well-being;
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Why is attachment important?
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It is important in establishing and infant's sense of trust in people and the environment.
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What is social referencing?
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Infants look at their parents' faces as means of obtaining informational cues; facial cues guide infants' decisions and how to react to certain situations;
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What did Erikson see as one of the primary tasks during infancy?
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The establishment of basic trust.
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What is a significant opportunity for an infant to identify the caregiver as a primary source of physical and psychological nurturance?
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Feeding time;
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When is a sense of autonomy established for toddlers?
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When they accomplish self-differentiation in new ways, such as setting personal boundaries - toilet training mastery.
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What is responsible fathering?
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Heightened motivatoin and commitment to parenthood and child-rearing, beliefs about parenting, relationship with child's mother, etc.
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What are androgynous parenting roles?
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Parenting roles that are shared, rather than based on gender;
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What is a primary worry about dual-earner families in relation to their children?
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Concerns are related to the experiences with daycare, etc harm attachment to parents;
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What are two crucial factors in determining the effects of non-parental care on infant and child development?
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Stability and quality of care.
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When is the period of early childhood?
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The period between the ages of three and six.
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The expansion of what skill in early childhood allows a child to perform unlimited tasks?
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Vocabulary and other language skills.
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In the early childhood years, what do preschoolers work hard to establish?
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Their own sense of autonomy.
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In the family systems theory, what is structure known as?
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Family patterns;
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What are the primary means for teaching children structure?
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Rules;
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What are the two types of rules?
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Nonnegotiable rules: can't be debated or changed; negotiable rules: subject to discussion;
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What helps preschoolers begin to learn self-control of their actions?
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Consequences of rules;
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What is a child's sense of intiative?
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The expression of confidence in young children and their desire to achieve mastery of relationships, objects and activities.
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What is the alternative to establishing intiative?
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A sense of guilt - psychosocial hazard faced by child;
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What is socialization?
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The processes by which children are taught to conform to social rules, values and develop attitudes of their cultural environment;
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What are pro-social behaviors?
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Behaviors that promote helpfulness and concern for others; show an awareness of other people's feelings and appropriate ways of reacting to those feelings;
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To execute pro-social behaviors effectively, what skill does a child need to know how to use?
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Empathy.
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What is aggression?
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Any hostile action that causes fear and leads to forceful contact with another; part of normal growth and development;
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What is gender identity?
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The knowledge that humans are either male or female; learn gender roles through parents;
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What is the preoperational mode of thinking?
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Thinking becomes more noticable in children, they have an active memory and information-processing skills; child is often intuitive in nature;
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What is egocentrism?
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when the child thinks he/she is the center of the universe;
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What skill facilitates cognitive development?
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Language and interaction with the environment;
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What object promotes appropriate physical, psychosocial and mental skills?
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Toys and play equipment.
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What can help with getting a child to bed?
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Sleep hygiene routines.
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When is middle childhood?
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Between the ages of 6 and the onset of puberty.
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What is the central task of middle childhood?
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Development of a sense of industry.
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What becomes of the parenting role during middle childhood?
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The parenting role becomes more psychosocial than physical-helping role.
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What is co-regulation?
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The predominant parenting style in middle childhood, where there is greater sharing of social power and general supervision; reassurance and positive reinforcement are both important;
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With school-aged children, what must parents be sensitive to?
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The child's developmental needs - nurturance;
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Although children will spend longer away from home, what do parents need to ensure occurs?
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Unstructured personal times;
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What principle goes along with development of a sense of industry?
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The development of work-ethic.
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What are middle childrens' greater influences?
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Their peer group;
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What do new mental skills in middle childhood reflect refinemtents in?
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Cognition - reading, writing and calculation;
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What are parents more concerened about children's exposure to?
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Violence;
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What are some of the normal behavior problems of middle childhood?
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Noncompliance, anti-social behaviors,
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What are activities of daily living?
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Tasks such as seeing, hearing, talking, climbling, or taking care of oneself that children with special needs often face difficulties with;
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What is an IEP?
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An individualized education program for those with special needs - relates to federal legislation;
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What is adolescence?
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The stage of the life span that represents the transition period from childhood and into adulthood.
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What occurs during early and late adolescence?
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Early - physical changes; late - psychosocial changes;
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What is key in parenting adolescents?
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Communication;
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What parenting styles tends to be effective with adolescents?
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Democratic styles;
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What are adolescents trying to do during this stage of life?
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Gain individuation from their parents;
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What is one of the challenges faced by parents during adolescence?
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The adaptation in providing structure and nurturance;
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What interaction style emerges with adult children?
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Equalitarian interaction style - supports efforts of adult children to emancipate completely into adult lifestyles.
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