Psy 351 Ch 5

Front 1

Body Growth

Back 1

Gain 50% in height from birth to age 1; 75% by age 2. Grow in spurts. Gain "baby fat" until about 9 months, then get slimmer. Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys some ethinic differences.

Front 2

Growth Trends: Cephalocaudal

Back 2

"Head to tail" lower part of body grows later than the head

Front 3

Growth Trends: Proximodistal

Back 3

"Near to far" extremities grow later than head, chest and trunk

Front 4

Brain Development

Back 4

Human brain has 100 to 200 billion neurons that store/transmit information. At birth, closet to adult size than any other physical structure. Neurons send messages by releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Front 5

Lateralization

Back 5

Specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Front 6

Left Hemisphere

Back 6

best at processing information in a sequential, analytic way

Front 7

Right Hemisphere

Back 7

Best at processing information in holistic, integrative manner

Front 8

Brain Plasticity

Back 8

Ability of areas of the brain to take over functions of a damaged region. In a highly plastic cerebal cortex, many areas are not yet committed to one function; consequently; the cortex has a high capacity for learning.

Front 9

Brain Plasticity Insights

Back 9

With injuries to the cerebral cortex occuring before birth or in the first 6 month, language delays presisted to about 3.5 years of age. By age 5, children caught up to grammer/vocab skills.

Front 10

Brain Development in Orphanage Children

Back 10

Before 6 months - showed dramatic cognitive and physical gains
After 6 months - showed serious intellectual deficits

Front 11

Approriate Stimulation: Experience-Expectanct Growth

Back 11

Oridnary experiences "expected" by brain to grow normally
Occurs early and naturally

Front 12

Approriate Stimulation: Experience-dependent Growth

Back 12

Specific experience, varies widely across cultures
Rushing early learning can overwhelm young brains

Front 13

Sleep Patterns

Back 13

Moves to adult like schedule during the first year
Decline from 18 hours to 12 hours a day by age 2

Front 14

Cosleeping

Back 14

Norm for 90% of world's population. Cultural values influence infant sleeping arrangements. Increasing more in US perhaps bc more mothers are breastfeeding.

Front 15

Influences on Early Growth

Back 15

Heredity
Nutrition
Emotional Well-being

Front 16

Benefits of Breastfeeding

Back 16

Correct fat-protein balance
nutritionally complete
promotes healthy growth patterns
disease protection
better jaw and tooth development
ensures digestibility
easier transition to solid food

Front 17

How to prevent child obesesity

Back 17

Breastfeed for six months
Avoid foods loaded with sugar, salt and saturated fats
Promote physical exervise
Limit TV viewing time

Front 18

Malnutrition: Types

Back 18

Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Iron-deficiency
Food insecurity

Front 19

Malnutrition: Consequences

Back 19

Physical symptoms
Growth and weight problems
Poor motor development
Learning, attention problems
Passivity, irritability, anxiety

Front 20

Bruse Jackson Case

Back 20

Age 19 --> 45 lbs
Age 21 --> 95 lbs heavier and 15 inches taller

Front 21

Emotional Well-Being

Back 21

Affection is as vital as good for healthy physical growth. Growth faltering applies to infants whose weight, height and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms.

Front 22

Operant Conditioning: Reinforcer

Back 22

Increases probability of behavior occurring again. Presenting desirable stimulus. Removing unpleasant stimulus.

Front 23

Operant Conditioning: Punishment

Back 23

Reduces probability of behavior occurring again. Presenting unpleasant stimulus. Removing desirable stimulus.

Front 24

Novelty Preference

Back 24

Recovery to a new stimulus. Assesses recent memory

Front 25

Familiarity Preference

Back 25

Recovery to the familiiar stimulus. Assesses Remote

Front 26

Imitation

Back 26

A powerful method of learning

Front 27

Four factors in each new skill

Back 27

1. CNS development
2. Body's movement capacity
3. Child's goals
4. Environmental supports

Front 28

Milestones of Reaching: Prereaching

Back 28

Newborn

Front 29

Milestones of Reaching: Reaching with ulnar grasp

Back 29

3-4 months

Front 30

Milestones of Reaching: Transfer object from hand to hand

Back 30

4-5 months

Front 31

Milestones of Reaching: Pincer Grasp

Back 31

9 months

Front 32

Bowel and Bladder Control

Back 32

Toilet training is best delayed until the months following the second birthday. Effective training techniques include: establishing regular toileting routines, using gentle encouragement, praising children for their effort

Front 33

Developments in hearing: 4-7 months

Back 33

Sense of musical phasing

Front 34

Developments in hearing: 6-8 months

Back 34

"Screen out" sounds from non-native languages

Front 35

Developments in hearing:7-9 months

Back 35

Divide the speech stream into word-life units

Front 36

Developments in hearing: 10 months

Back 36

Can detect words that start with weak syllables

Front 37

Improvements in vision

Back 37

Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision skills

Front 38

Improvements in Vision: 2-4 months

Back 38

focus and color vision

Front 39

Improvements in Vision: 6 months

Back 39

acuity, scanning, and tracking

Front 40

Improvements in Vision: 6-7 months

Back 40

depth perception

Front 41

Steps in Pattern Perception: 3 weeks

Back 41

Poor contrast sensitivity, prefer large simple patterns

Front 42

Steps in Pattern Perception: 2 months

Back 42

Can detect fine-grained detail
Prefer complex patterns

Front 43

Steps in Pattern Perception: 4 months

Back 43

Can detect patterns even if boundaries are not really present

Front 44

Steps in Pattern Perception: 12 months

Back 44

Can detect objects if two-thirds of drawing is missing

Front 45

Testing infants' ability to perceive object unity

Back 45

(a) habituation
(b) complete rod
(c) broken rod

Front 46

Intermodal stimulation

Back 46

simultaneous input from more than one modality or sensory system

Front 47

Intermodal perception

Back 47

making sense of multisensory input as integrated wholes. Infants can detect amodal sensory properties even as newborns. Abilities develop rapidly in first year. Facilitates perception of physical world and understanding of social world.

Front 48

Differentiation

Back 48

Perception gets more and more sensitive

Front 49

Affordances

Back 49

Acting on the environment helps this process