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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do we explain what happens in the different areas of social psychology?
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• 2 way influence of self and society
• Social Cognition • Culture shapes behavior • Evolution shapes universal patterns of social behavior • Brain activity affects and is affected by social behavior |
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4 key concerns of Social psychology
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• Impact of one person on another
1. Social Influence 2. Persuasion • Impact of a group on its members 1. Socialization and self concept 2. Conformity • Impact of members on a group 1. Innovation 2. Leadership • Impact of one group on another |
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Qualities of a good theory
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• Summarizes multiple observations
• Predictive accuracy • Generates other research • Internal coherence • Economy |
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Research methods
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• Basic vs. applied
• Value-free vs. value laden |
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Methodology provides guidelines for:
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• Collecting Evidence
• Explaining findings • Doing research so results can be checked |
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Social psychology of doing research; 4 effects:
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• Observer effect
• Experimenter bias • Paradigm effect • Subject bias |
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Observer effect can be addressed by:
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• Replication
• Reliability testing • Triangulation of measure |
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Examples of subject bias:
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• Use of volunteers
• Demand characteristics • Hawthorne effect |
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Dealing with deception:
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• Active awareness of the problem
• Develop new experimental techniques • Counteract negative effects of deception |
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Differences between cognition and social cognition
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• Social cognition is mutual cognition
• People have intentions, objects do not • People are more complex than objects • Person perception is more likely to be affected by errors and biases • Person perception sometimes involves a self-fulfilling element |
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Culture influences impression formation in what ways:
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• Shared language: linguistic relativity
• Social construction of reality |
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Where do we get the information we use in categorization
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• From the person
• From others • Observations |
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What information do we get from the person non-verbally?
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• Paralinguistics
• Kinetics • Proxemics • chronemics |
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5 classes of body movements
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• Emblems
• Affect displays • Illustrators • Regulators • Adaptors |
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3 Types of kenetics:
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• Posture
• Gait • Facial expressions |
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Two perspectives on how people make attributions
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• Naïve psychologist the best most accurate reason
• Cognitive miser reasonable answer, efficiency |
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Two types of attributions
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• Internal/dispositional
• External/situational |
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When to make what attribution
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• Strength of situational pressure
• Person’s intentions |
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Weiner’s attribution model
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• Internal/external locus of control
• Stable variable • Controllable/uncontrollable |
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Theory of correspondent inferences
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• Assumes that people prefer to make internal attributions
• Looks at how people use info about others’ behavior to infer whether those others possess specific personality traits |
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Two steps of the theory of correspondent inferences
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• Try to deduce the person’s specific intentions based on actions
• Based on intentions, next infer what kind of personal disposition would cause the person to have those intentions and act that way. |
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Theory of correspondent inferences logical guideline
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• Freedom of choice
• Non-common effects • Social desirability/normativeness • In-role/out-role |
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Kelly cube model of attribution
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• Consensus
• Distinctiveness • Consistency |
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Kelly cube model of attributions; General rules:
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• Discounting principle
• Augmenting principle |
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The 3 tasks of Glibert’s effect of conscious attentional resourses on trait attribution
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• Categorization
• Characterization • Correction |
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Errors and biases in attribution
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• Fundamental attribution error
• Correspondence bias • Actor observer bias 1. Available information 2. Focus of attention • Self centered bias • Self serving bias • Self handicapping |
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Why we use heuristics
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• Lack of time
• Information overload • Lower personal importance • Lacking other knowledge • Called to mind by situation |
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Representative heuristic problems
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• Base-rate fallacy
• Misconception of chance • Insensitivity to criteria of predictive value |
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Availability heuristic problems
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• Ease of retrievability
• Effectiveness of the search process • Imaginability |
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Mead’s Reflexive self
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• Self emerges as a result of social experiences
• Social experiences seen as an exchange of symbols • In order to understand others intentions, must be able to take their point of view |
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Looking glass self
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• Imagining appearance to others
• Interpreting other’s reactions • Developing self concept |
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Turning points in identities
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• Private proclamation
• Public proclamation • Meeting challenge • Succeeding in an unfamiliar role • Surpassing role models performance • Betrayal • Deception |
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Techniques of impression management
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• Appearance
• Basking in reflected glory • Cutting off reflected failure |
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Other self enhancement techniques
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Appreciation
Flattery |
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Self Presentation strategies
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Ingratiation
Self promotion Exemplification Modesty Intimidation Supplication |
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Biased Historians
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Egocentricity
Benneffectance Cognitive Conservation |
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Salience
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Identities are organized into a role identity hierarchy based on salience their relative importance to the person.
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Position of an identity depends on
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resources invested
extrinsic rewards obtained intrinsic rewards attained amount of self esteem staked on enacting the identity well |
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A higher position in a hierarchy means
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it is more frequently acted
more opportunities the person sees to enact that identity more likely the person is to conform to role expectations associated with that identity |
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Social identity theory
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self catagorization
social comparison desire for positive self esteem (the underlying motivation) |
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3 levels of self categorization
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Species
In-group Personal (traits) |
