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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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language
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shared system for symbolic communication
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• Psycholinguistics
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multidisciplinary study of language
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• We use language to… (6)
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o Communicate thoughts
o Relieve nervous energy or emotions • Ie. Stub toe- say ow to relieve nervous energy o Control reality- thoughts become real when you say them aloud • Pray outloud- makes it seem more real • Wedding vows- use language to make your reality seem more real o Maintain social ties • Say “how ya doin” just to acknowledge. Don’t expect response o Establish and recognize identity • Guess things by their voice- old, smart, pissed • Linguistic convergence- you start talking like people you associate with a lot • Recognize in and out group members through speech • Ie cults o Tool of thought • Talk to yourself as you solve a problem • People report thinking in words |
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sub vocal speech
Disproved? |
no mental mind just speaking to themselves
Smith- curare • Poison on poison darts in the jungle o Paralyzed from the neck down o They were asked questions o Vocal cords can move o Could answer later o Thus thinking is not just “sub vocal speech” |
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Linguistic relativism
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hypothesis that thinking shapes language and language shapes thinking. (aka sapir-whorf hypothesis)
• whorf used automatic perceptual classifications as primary examples o eskimo’s appreciation of snow – they have 20 words to describe it • they have more experience and can identify more features o wine tasting- they can perceive it, they can vocalize it |
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Human language is unique (4)
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semanticity
total feedback displacement productivity |
• semanticity- we attach meaning to words
• Total feedback- update as you hear yourself speak o Animal cannot update next ribit. • Displacement- talk about what you did yesterday o Animals cannot- they live in the moment • Productivity*- take any string of words o No animal system can produce novel ideas |
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Natural animal communication system
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o Synch menstrual cycles
o Smell tshirt of significant other o Killer bees • Lay pheromones when they sting o African termites- build city like nests • Kugler & turvey- traced nest construction • Stage 1: bugs fly around randomly dropping sand (each pc ahas pheromones) • Stronger scent develops on a pile, more start to drop it there • Then arch forms • We give them more credit than they deserve- they acting on chemicals o Dancing bees- report the location and quality food. They wait for an audience and compensate for changes in sun position etc • Straight line- direction relative to sun • Intensity- richness • Tempo- slower means closer • James gould- he would place at different spots 20 degress clockwise • They began to predict next moce o Rhesus monkeys- use different calls in different situation • Calls are about food or killing things ** |
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viki
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same week as son
4 year sort of produce words only family could understand chimps dont have same articulatory mechanisms |
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lana
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computing chimp
9 shapes in 7 colors apparently learned to express hundreds of ideas no grammar |
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washoe
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4 years he know 130 signs
2-3 sign senteences no progress after 5 years |
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noam chimpsky
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125 signs, rudimentary grammar
nanny cams for evidence never created own sentences sign randomly for reward complex operant conditioning |
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sarah
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magnetic tokens
some syntax and displacement chimps can learn little syntax before maxing out |
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koko
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"knows" 500 signs and combines to label new objects
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dolphins
james lilly louis herman |
• dolphins- have names
o james lilly reported dolphins have greater intelliengce than humans o Louis herman- they could understand signs • They wouldn’t confuse word order – go to red then blue ball • All we know |
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Humans have biological predisposition for language
Lennenburg rules |
1. language is present in all human cultures – even isolated societies
2. all language have same formal operating principles (13 features, grammar) 3. language onset is correlated with age a. critical period contingent on experience in formative years (if going to become fluent) 4. linguistic disabilities are inherited a. brewer- studied family history and language problems (ie dyslexia). b. Population wide occuarnce of this syndrome less the .01 % c. In family tree more than half of them have language disorder d. Language disorders are inherited! e. Karyotype: missing 13,22 chromosomal pair f. FoxP2- KE family 15 members affected i. Muscle control problem- cant form proper words ii. Trouble with all aspects of language iii. Cant respect grammar iv. **Fox P2 gene- disordered v. Language disorders are inherited 5. Language is selectively impaired by brain lesions a. When there is brain damage, language is almost always affected 6. Language cannot to taught to animals |
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Critical period (7 examples)
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• marler-
• psamtik- • victor wild boy- f • isabell tadoma genie |
• marler- deprived songbirds
o 10-50 days they must be exposed to song to learn chirping pattern o if they deprived- they were different from original song • like the cat sensory restriction (horizontal lines) • psamtik- Shepard raised 2 babies in total silent to learn true language of god o babies said becos- means bread o but also sounds like sheep sounds • victor wild boy- france o 11 or 12, alone for years o sicard took custody of him • tried to teach him to speak, gave up o jean-mar itard- re named him victor • spent months teaching him to play games and socialize • over time, learned to read a few words • never learned syntax, never learned how to speak • isabelle- confined with mute mom o age 6.5 o locked in the attick, they escaped o Isabel began to speak words after 1 week o Fully developed along same stages of normal children • Hellen keller- blind and deaf o Learned language via touch o Learned to speak with tactile feedback o Even with limited exposure language development can be incredibly resilient • Tadoma- rare but interesting form of communication o Using finger to feel movement of articulators o Timmy and the face- articulatory model o Feel lips vocal cords and mouth o Cut of his thumb • Genie- raised in solitary confinement o First 13 years chained to potty chair o She never fully learn language o She understands language but cannot speak o Only known case of failed language development- expiration of critical period. (birth-puberty) o Why so long? Language is important |
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aphasias
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• aphasia- array of language disorders after trauma
o 1 in 200 people will have a some point o males at greater risk o 25% revoer after 3 months. If not better after 6 its probably permanent |
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broca's aphasia
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expressive aphasia
most common type, halting agrammatic speech o no problem comprehending language o not motor problem o different grammatical classes of words are affected o writing also affected |
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• wernicke’s aphasia
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receptive aphasia)- little understanding of speech
o they know what they want to say, but it gets mixed up o speech is fluent but empty – word salad o they don’t know they are babbling or that anything is wrong o everyone else sounds crazy |
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conduction aphasia
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understand and produce speech, cannot repeat what they just heard
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pure word deafness
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can read and write and speak, but they cannot under stand speech (werniche’s area)
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jargon aphasia
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speech infused with nonsense words
o they don’t think anything is wrong |
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• Acquired dyslexia-
3 kinds Damage to where? |
damage to angular gyrus which connects visual and linguistic centers
o Phonological dyslexia- can read regular words but cant figure out unfamiliar words or legal nonwords • GOIP- cant figure out its not a word o Deep dyslexia- trouble reading unfamiliar words, bizarre semantic errors • Bush=tree • Sympathy= orchestra o Surface dyslexia- sound everything out • Cant read irregular words • Island- doesn’t follow phonological cues o Dyslexia usually accompanied by dysgraphia- trouble writing |
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developmental dyslexia
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runs in families, occurs in boys more that girls
o Different causes including mixed dominance o If they knew the words, they might get them correct o If he did not know- not even close o Progress with treatment- can improve! |
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• Corpus callosum
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o The largest bundle of nerve fibers
o Carries messages bet. Hemispheres o Transmission is slower between hemispheres o That is why some functions have been lateralized to one side of the brain |
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• Lateralization
Left hemisphere? |
asymmetry in the brain
language dominant |
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