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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 7 Dimensions of abnormality?
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1. Suffering (distress or pain)
2. Maladaptiveness (interfere w/ functioning) 3. Irrationality & Incomprehensibility (thoughts and behav rational/logical?) 4. Unpredictability & Loss of Control (person predictable, consistent, & in control of actions?) 5. Vividness & Unconventionality (does behav stand out?-rare and socially undersirable) 6. Observer Discomfort (are others uncomfortable) 7. Violation of Moral & Ideal Standards (tends to change w/ time, history, culture) |
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hazards of self-diagnosis
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as you study, you see characteristics of disorders in yourself
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Historically Perceived Causes & Tx
Animistic |
(mystical) beleif that eveything and everyone has a soul
~cause: supernatural (demon pocession) ~Tx: *trephining (holes in skulls), exorcism, ostracism |
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Historically Perceived Causes & Tx
Organic |
(physical)
1. Greeks ~cause: roaming uterus (hysteria) ~Tx: unbalance of 4 humors (blood, phlem, yellow &black bile 2. Animalsim ~cause: wild behavior, physical attributes that look similar to animals ~Tx: try to restore reason, fear, brutal behavior (beatings) |
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Historically Perceived Causes & Tx
Psychogenic |
(psychological)
1. Mesmerism: ~obstruction of magnetic fluid ~hypnosis (placebo effect) 2. Hypnotism ~Charcot: ~able to distinguish hysteria and other disorders ~people w/ hysteria able to move hand under hypnosis ~Breuer: ~had people talk about probs under hypnosis ~Freud: ~noticed people got better w/out hypnosis: TALK THERAPY |
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What are the 4 biological etiologies?
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1. Germs
~first time physical connected to psychological 2. Genetics 3. Biochemistry 4. neuroanatomy |
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What is general paresis?
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result of syphillis
~weakness ~eccentricity ~delusions ~paralysis & death |
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What did Von Krafft-Ebing do in 1897?
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determined that syphillis causing paresis
took 9 people w/ general parasis and infected them w/ syphillis ~none of them redeveloped sores ethical? not so much |
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Freud and 3 levels of consciousness
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1. conscious: presently attending
2. preconscious: can retrieve 3. unconscious: most important, mass of memories, experiences, and instincts |
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3 processes of personality
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1. id: immediate gratification, pleasure principle
2. ego: reality principle, tries to gratify ID in accordance w/ reality 3. superego: moral priniciple, |
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Psychoanalytic
3 Processes |
1. conflict from unequal distribution of energy
2. conflict generates anxiety 3. emergence of defense mechanisms |
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Types of defense mechanisms
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1. repression
2. regression 3. denial 4. displacement 5. projection 6. reaction formation (made anti-gay church but he was gay) |
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what are the psychosexual stages?
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1. oral
2. anal 3. phalic 4. latency 5. genital |
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Behavioral Theories
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1. focus on behav (not cognitions)
2. focus on external (how environment shapes behav 3. experiment for cause 4. change possible: ~change environment=change behavior |
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Behavioral Tx
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1. flooding therapy (over-exposure)
2. Aversive conditioning (noxious stim) 3. Systematic Desensitization: counter conditioning=reciprocal inhibition |
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schedulesof reinforcement
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1. continuous
2. intermittent ~interval (based on time) ~fixed ~variable ~ratio (#of correct responses) ~fixed ~variable |
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Treatment involving operant conditioning
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1. shaping: baby steps
2. Premack Principle (if i study for 1 hour i can sleep for 5) 3. token economy 4. response cost (take away s/t desirable) 5. time-out 6. contigency contracting (kind of like the study contract) |
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What is cognitive therapy?
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1. cognitions mediate btwn enviroment and behavior
2. thinking is primary concern 3. change belief=change feeling=change behav 4. AWARENESS then CHANGE |
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10 cognitive distortions
see h/o in notes |
1. all-or-nothing
2. overgeneraliztion 3. mental filter 4. disqualifying the postive 5. jumping to conclusions ~mind reading ~fortune teller error 6. magnificaiton (catastrophizing) or minimization 7. emotional reasoning 8. should statement 9. labeling and mislabeling 10. personalization |
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all-or-nothing
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you see things in black-and-white categoreis
mayor or im nothing |
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overgeneraliztion
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single neg event as never-ending pattern of defeat
just my luck, s/o always hits my car |
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mental filter
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you pick out a single neg detail and dwell on it exlusively
17/100 wrong and focused on those and not the 83/100 you got right |
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disqualifying the positive
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you reject postive experiences by insisting they "dont count" for reason
compliments= just being nice |
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jumping to conclustions
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make a neg interpretation even though there are not definite facts to support
~mind reading: didnt say "hi" must be angry ~fortune teller error: anticipate things will turn out badly, and convinced that your prediction is already established fact |
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magnification (catastrophizing) or minimization
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binocular
you exaggerate the importance of things or (embarrass self so never go back there) you inappropriately shrink things until they appear tiny (your own desirable qualities) |
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emotional reasoning
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i feel it, therefore it must be true
i think im inadequate so i am |
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should statements
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SHOULD
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labeling and mislabeling
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extreme overgeneralization, neg label
he's an idiot, i'm a loser |
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personalization
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see yourself as the cause of some neg external event which in fact you were not responsible for
child gets bad grades, i must be a bad mom |
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5 research methods
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1. clinical study (case study)
2. expermental method 3. correlation method 4. experiments of "nature": 9/11, war 5. laboratory models |
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What are the 5 axises on the Multiaxial Classification System?
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Axis I: clinical disorders
~mood, anxiety, substance-related Axis II: MR and Personality Disorder Axis III: General Medical Condition ~ulcers, incr BP ~may be relevent to metnal dis Axis IV: Psychosocial & Environmental Probs ~stressors: poverty, divorce, arrested Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning ~clinician's judgement of the individual's overal level of funct. ~1-100 |
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What is the difference between reliability and validity?
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reliability: constistency
Validity: degree a test measures what is purports to measure |
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Objective vs Projective Testing
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objective: standardized
Projective: ex)Rorschach |
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Name 3 Nonverbal Tests
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1. observations
2. Psychophysiological (EEG) 3. neuropsych ~Bender-Gestalt ~draw geometric shapes ~Halstead-Reitan |
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Panic Disorder
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RECURRENT and UNEXPECTED PAs
women 2xs more common 4-7xs more likely in 1st degree relatives comorbid: substance abuse & depression |
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Treatments of Panic Disorder
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1. biological:
~antidepressants (TCAs (imiprimine) SSRIs) ~BZs (Xanax, Valium) ~probs w/ addiction 2. Cognitive ~catastrophizing, so use rational thinking |
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Agoraphobia
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CANNOT Dx by itself
~Panic w/out Agor ~Panic w/ agor ~agor w/o a history of PD ANXIETY ABOUT BEING IN A PLACE IN WHICH ESCAPE MGTH BE DIFFICULT OR EMBARRASSING OR CAN'T GET HELP IF THEY HAVE A PA ~crowds, bridges, outside home, traveling |
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Treatments for Agoraphobia
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1. Behavioral
~generalization=avoidance, so ~in-vivo exposure ~present CS w/o CR 2. biological ~TCAs (imiprimine) 3. combo |
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Specific Phobias
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involve s/t more specific (not generalized like agoraphobia)
1. persistant fear 2. exposure=immediate PA 3. recogn. as excessive 4. avoided or endured w/ distress 5. interferes w/ normal routine |
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Types of Specific Phobias
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1. animal
2. natural environment (water, heights) 3. blood-injection-injury 4. situational (tunnels, bridges) 5. other type (cued by not mentioned) |
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Treatments for Specific Phobia
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1. behavioral
~systematic Desensitization ~flooding ~modeling ~applied tension (B-I-I) 2. biological ~Benzoidiazepines ~antidepressants ~MAOIs |
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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person tends to be nervous in general, no specific object
~excessive worry about # of events ~diff. to control worry ~Impairment |
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Social Phobia
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persistent fear of social or performance situations in which a person is exposed to unfamiliar people and possible scrutiny
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Treatments for GAD
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1. cognitive & CBT
~ID thoughts and challenge 2. biologically ~BuSpar inhibits worry (GABA) |
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Theoretical explainations for Social Phobia
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1. Psychoanlytic
~fear is at unconcious level ~Hans feared horse so he really just wanted to kill his father...riiiiight 2. Behavioral ~CC ~avoidance=extinction cant happen ~OC ~avoidance = neg. reinforcement |
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Criteria for OCD
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1. cause marked distress
2. are time consuming 3. interfere w/ daily life often comorbid with depression |
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Treatments for OCD
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1. Psychoanalytic
~talk about it. free analysis, uncover unconscious 2. CBT ~Exposure and Response Prevention ~compulsion= neg. rein. so beh incr 3. biological ~TCA (Anafranil) ~SSRI (prozac, paxil, zoloft) |
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PTSD: 3 categories of Defining Sx
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1. Reexperiencing (at least one)
~unwanted memories, recurrent dreams, feeling trauma will happen again, reminders produce distress 2. Avoidance and Numbing (3 or more) ~avoids reminders, repression, loss of interest, distant from others, no plan for future 3. Hyperarousal (2 or more) ~hypervigilance, irritability, startle rxn SURVIOR GUILT |
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Tx for PTSD
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1. Prolonged Exposure Therapy
~repeatedly relives trauma 2. Cognitve Processing Therapy ~challenge maladaptive thoughts |
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What are dissociative disorders?
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1. if consciousness affected (cant remember imp personal events)
2. if ID affected 3. if behavior affected |
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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1. presences of 2 or more distinct IDs
2. at least 2 of IDs take CONTROL of person's behavior 3. inability to recall important personal info (too extensive to be forgotten) |
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Ernest Hilgard
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"hidden observer"
active mode: conscious plans and desires Passive Receptive Mode: conscious registers and stores info in memory w/o being aware that info has been processed; as if hidden observer were watching and recording events in people's lives w/o their awareness |
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Tx of DID
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1. integrate the personalities
~ID core personality ~recovering processing the trauma that resulted in defense of creating alters 2. support most adaptive |
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Dissociative Fugue
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1. WANDER FAR AWAY!!
2. confusion about personal ID or assumption of a new ID ~not Ron s/t and Joe other times, always Ron 3. stress related 4. distress or impairment |
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Dissociative Amnesia
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NOT DUE TO BRAIN TRAUMA-PSYCH!
1. inability to recall important personal info 2. NOT DUE to other disorders or brain trauma |
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types of amnesia
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retrograde: cant remember BEFORE event
~diss. amnesia anterograde: cant remember AFTER event ~physical trauma |
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Somatoform Disorder
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1. signif physical Sx which tere is NO apparent organic cause
2. Sx are NOT consciously produced or under physical control 3. psychological factors likely to be involved |
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Conversion Disorder
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Somatoform: used to be hysteria
HAVE TO HAVE SUBTYPE!!! 1. loss of Fxing in voluntary motor/sensory control 2. psychological NOT physical ~trauma (psycho) converted into physical Sx glove amnesia (lose sensation in hand) |
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Subtypes of Conversion Disorder
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1. with MOTOR Sx or deficit
~coordination prob 2. with SENSORY Sx or deficit ~no feeling 3. with SEIZURES or CONVULSIONS 4. MIXED |
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la belle indifference
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conversion disorder:
unconcerned about loss of fxing |
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Somatization Disorder
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1. Hx of many physical complaints prior to age 30 over a period of several years, w/ Tx being sought or signif impairment BUT
NO PHYSICAL CAUSE |
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Symptom criteria for Somatization Disorder
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1. PAIN (min of 4 diff sites)
2. GASTROINTESTINAL Sx other than pain (min 2 sites) 3. SEXUAL or REPRODUCTIVE sx (min 1 site) 4. PSEUDOneurological sx (1 site) |
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pain disorder
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1. hx of complaints of pain in 1 or more parts of body, for which medical attention has been sought BUT NO PHYSICAL CAUSE
2. onset or worsening appear to be psychologically linked |
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Tx for pain disorder
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1. psychodynamic
~get at unconscious prob 2. cognitive ~reinterpret cognitions & avoid catastrophizing 3. communicative ~instead of voicing fear, we express it physically ~teach how to express feelins 4. Percept Blocking ~work on trauma, let mind process it |
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Psychosomatic Disorder
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real physical Sx intiated or exaggered by psych distress
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Malingering
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V-CODE
deliberate FAKING, Sx under voluntary control |
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Facticious Disorder
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Munchausen's Syndrome
faking to get medical attention |
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Facticious Disorder by PROXY
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get attention by creating illness in children
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Unipolar Depression
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includes:
Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, SAD |
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Major Depression
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1. min. 2 weeks and represents change from previous functioning
2.need 5 Sx's (including loss of interest in activities or depressed mood) |
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Prevalence of Major Depression
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(total # of cases)
women, adolescents genetic vulnerablity |
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TCAs for Major Depression
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TCA: NE & 5-HT; block receptors
good at Tx vegatative Sx can OD-bad if suicidal imipramineL:Tonfranil clominpramine: Anafranil |
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MAOIs for Major Depression
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inhibit enzyme that breaks down NTs
lethal: tiromere used when anxiety present phenelzine: Nardil |
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Second Generation Antidepress. for Major Depression
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SSRI: trying to diminish side-effects and incr main effect
~cant OD ~fluoxetine: Prozac ~paroxetine: paxil ~sertraline: Zoloft BUPROPRIAN: wellbutrin, Zyban |
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cognitive triad for Major Depression
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1. a characteristic way of thinking frequently assoc. w/ depression
2. depressed person has a neg. or pessimistic view of : ~SELF (low self-esteem), WORLD (sucks), FUTURE (hopeless) |
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Paralysis of Will
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paralyzed to do anything: learned helplessness
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Suicidal Ideation
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better off dead (diff from suicidal wishes)
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Biopolar Disorder
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1. mood or emotionsl Sx:
~persistantly elevated, expansive, or irritable lasting at LEAST 1 WEEK) 2. thoughts racing 3. distractibility 4. more talkative than usual 5. psychomotor agitation incr 6. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consquences ~bank rupt, unprotected sex w/ random people 7. decr need for sleep |
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Prevalence for Biopolar Disorder
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~1-2% in liftetime
~equal in males and females ~not many episodes after 20 ~genetics: concordance MZ: 78% |
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Tx of biopolar
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Lithium Carbonate
~antidepressants ~fatal if taken in high doses might NOT WANT mania to go away |
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Schizophrenia
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SET of DISORDERS involving disturbances in thought, behavior, and mood
diff w/ language and emotion |
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characteristics Sx's of SZ
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2 or more for at SIGNIF of MONTH
~delusions ~hallucinations ~disorganized speech ~continous signs for at LEAST 6 MONTHS |
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common themes of delusions
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1. grandeur
2. control-s/o outside, Martian 3. persecution- out to get them, FBI 4. reference-think pple laugh at them 5. somatic-organ is rotting |
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expression deficits in SZ
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1. Loosening of Assoc-tangentiality
2. Clang Assoc 3. Neologisms 4. word salad-jibberish 5. echolalia-repeat what other ppl say 6. perseveration-repeating phrase |
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perceptual difficulties in Sz
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hallucinations:
~auditory ~visual ~tactile ~olfactory |
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Prevalence of Major Depression
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(total # of cases)
women, adolescents genetic vulnerablity |
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TCAs for Major Depression
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TCA: NE & 5-HT; block receptors
good at Tx vegatative Sx can OD-bad if suicidal imipramineL:Tonfranil clominpramine: Anafranil |
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MAOIs for Major Depression
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inhibit enzyme that breaks down NTs
lethal: tiromere used when anxiety present phenelzine: Nardil |
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Second Generation Antidepress. for Major Depression
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SSRI: trying to diminish side-effects and incr main effect
~cant OD ~fluoxetine: Prozac ~paroxetine: paxil ~sertraline: Zoloft BUPROPRIAN: wellbutrin, Zyban |
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cognitive triad for Major Depression
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1. a characteristic way of thinking frequently assoc. w/ depression
2. depressed person has a neg. or pessimistic view of : ~SELF (low self-esteem), WORLD (sucks), FUTURE (hopeless) |
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Paralysis of Will
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paralyzed to do anything: learned helplessness
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Suicidal Ideation
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better off dead (diff from suicidal wishes)
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Biopolar Disorder
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1. mood or emotionsl Sx:
~persistantly elevated, expansive, or irritable lasting at LEAST 1 WEEK) 2. thoughts racing 3. distractibility 4. more talkative than usual 5. psychomotor agitation incr 6. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consquences ~bank rupt, unprotected sex w/ random people 7. decr need for sleep |
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Prevalence for Biopolar Disorder
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~1-2% in liftetime
~equal in males and females ~not many episodes after 20 ~genetics: concordance MZ: 78% |
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Tx of biopolar
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Lithium Carbonate
~antidepressants ~fatal if taken in high doses might NOT WANT mania to go away |
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Schizophrenia
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SET of DISORDERS involving disturbances in thought, behavior, and mood
diff w/ language and emotion |
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characteristics Sx's of SZ
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2 or more for at SIGNIF of MONTH
~delusions ~hallucinations ~disorganized speech ~continous signs for at LEAST 6 MONTHS |
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common themes of delusions
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1. grandeur
2. control-s/o outside, Martian 3. persecution- out to get them, FBI 4. reference-think pple laugh at them 5. somatic-organ is rotting |
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expression deficits in SZ
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1. Loosening of Assoc-tangentiality
2. Clang Assoc 3. Neologisms 4. word salad-jibberish 5. echolalia-repeat what other ppl say 6. perseveration-repeating phrase |
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perceptual difficulties in Sz
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hallucinations:
~auditory ~visual ~tactile ~olfactory |
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affective disturbances of SZ
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~apathetic: flat, bland, unresponsive
~emotionally inapprioprate |
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Social Relationships of SZ
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1. social withdrawal
~no connections, ppl dont understand 2. loss of boundary btwn self & others 3. imparied interpersonal Fxing |
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Prevalence
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1. prev 1% across cultures
2. incidence: .017% 3. females > age 25, males adolescents 4. high stress enviorment ~18% in college 5. lower class ~incidence 3xs ~preval: 8xs greater |
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Subtypes of Sz
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1. Paranoid Sz
2. Disorganized Sz 3. Cataonic Sz |
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paranoid Sz
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delusions of grandeur or persecution or frequent auditory hallucinations
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Disorganized Sz
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1. disorganized speech
2. disorganized behaviors ~disregard grooming 3. flat and inappropriate affect |
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Catatonic Sz
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1. primarily disturbances in psychomotor Fxing
~echopaxio: mimic movements |
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Type I vs Type II Sz
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Type I:
~positive Sxs ~thougth to arise from excessive DA ~RESPOND to Neuroleptics Type II: ~Neg Sxs: deficit compared to normal Fx ~may be assoc w/ brain structures ~does NOT RESPOND to Neuroleptics |
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Etiology of Sz
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1. Genetics, probably
2. Neurochemistry ~excess DA in Subcortical regions ~incr leads to pos Sx ~low DA in prefrontal are ~decr lead to neg Sx 3. Brain Structure 1. smaller frontal lobes 2. enlarged ventricles 3. decr blood flow-cortex 4. damge to fetal brain 3. Sociological 1. social causation theory: stresses 2. social selection |
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Tx for Sz
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1. drugs
1. chlorpromazine: Thorazine 2. haloperidol: haldol 3. cloapine: Clozaril ~2nd generation ~WON'T develop TARDIVE DYSKINESIA 2. Milieu Therapy ~all staff involved 3. Group Residence |
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5 layers of erotic life
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1. sexual identity
~perceive self as M or F 2. sexual orientation ~what sex youre attracted to 3. sexual interest ~things you find sexually arousing 4. sex role ~sacntioning by society 5. sexual performance ~ability o perform under specific conditons |
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Gender Identity Disorder
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1. in wrong body
2. childhood: desire to be opp sex 3. adolescents: attempt to pass as opp sex 4. transgendered is chronic 5. diff from transvestite |
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Mullerian Ducts
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female precursor
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Wolffian ducts
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male precursor
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Seligman's Theory
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Development of Sexual Organs, Sexual Identity, and Sexual Orientation thought to be influenced by similar yet separate processes
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Androgen Insensitive Syndrome (AIS)
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1. chromosally XY
2. body produces androgen BUT cells are INSENSITIVE 3. external biology almost like that of a normal female 4. body has 2 interenal testes instead of ovaries and uterus, shortened vagina |
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True Hermaphrodites
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subjected to both M and F hormones during pregnancy
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Pseudohermaphrodies/Interesexed
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development is intermediate btwn M and F; dont know whether to classify as M or F
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Features of a Paraphilia
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1. recurrent, intese sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors
2. all require of at least 6 months 3. all involve IMPAIRMENT, BUT S&M |
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fetishim
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sexually dysfunctional w/out object
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Sexual Sadism
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involving acts in which the psychological or physical SUFFERING OF VICTIM IS SEXUALLY EXCITING
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Sexual Masochism
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involving the act of being humiliated beaten, bound, or otherwise MADE TO SUFFER
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autoerotic asphyxiation
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aroused when cant breathe (masochism)
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Exhibitionism
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flashers: shock/suprise
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Voyeursim
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peeping tom
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Frotteurism
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involves touching & rubbing against a nonconsenting person
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Pedaphilia
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involving sexual activity w/ pre-puberty children
person is at least 16, at least 5 yrs older men w/ boys doesnt mean they're gay |
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Tx of Paraphilias
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1. behavioral
~pairing NS w/ US (sexual stimulus), NS become US Tx: aversion therapy |
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Cluster A
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odd and eccentric; withdrawn behaviors
1. paranoid PD 2. Schizoid PD 3. Schizotypal PD |
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Paranoid PD
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1. pervasive distrust and suspiciousness
2. other's motives seen as malevolent suspects w/o basis unjustified doubts of loyalty reluctance to confide hypersensitive bears grudges restricted emotions |
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Schizoid PD
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1. detached from social relationships
~loners 2. emotionally restrict/cold KEY: do NOT have eccentric speech dont desire relationships friends=1st degree relatives little interest in sex extreme loners emotional coldness |
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Schizotypal PD
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1. great discomfort in social relationshiops
2. very ODD/ECCENTRIC behav and thinking ideas of reference odd beliefs/magical thinking odd thinking and speech bahaviors/appearance is odd suspicious or paranoid inappropriate or consticted affect |
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Cluster B
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dramatic, emotional and erratic disorder
1. antisocial PD 2. borderline PD 3. histrionic PD 4. Narcissistic PD |
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Antisocial PD
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1. disregard for and violation of, other's rights
2. they're at least 18 and evidence of a Conduct Disorder onset before 15 criminal activity deceitfulness impulsivity irritabilty irresponsbility lack of remorse |
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Borderline PD
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2% of pop
1. pervasive pattern UNSTABLE realtionships, self-image, and affect 2. marked IMPULSIVITY extreme intense & unstable relations identity disturbance chronic emptiness impulsivity that is self-damaging recurrent suicidal behav frantic efforts to avoid abandonment emotional instability |
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Histrionic PD
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1. excessive emotionality & attention seeking
uncomfortable when nt the center of attention interacions often sexually provative exaggerated expression of emoiton suggestible-easiy influenced considers relationships more intimate than they are |
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narcissistic PD
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1. pattern of grandiosity need for admiration
2. lack of empathy envious of others exploitive sense of entitlement fragile self-esteem |
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Cluster C
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1. disorders often appear ANXIOUS or FEARFUL
1.Avoidant PD 2. Dependent PD 3. OCPD |
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Avoidant PD
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1. social inhibition
2. feelings of inadequacy 3. hypersensitivity to neg evaluation avoids interpersonal occupational activ. wont become involved unless certain they'll be liked interpersonally feels inadequate & inferior reluctant to take personal risks |
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Dependent PD
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1. pattern of submissve & clinging beh
2. fears of separation allows others to take resonsibility for thier lives cont defer adn subordinate own needs feels empty and helpless when alone excess need to be taken care of won't make own decisions |
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OCPD
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1. preoccupation w/ orderliness, perfectionism, and control
preoccupied w/ details devotion to work-excludes leisure overconsientious about matters of morality hoarders miserly spending rigid and stubborn meticulous |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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1. refusal to maintain normal body weight~15% below standard
2. intense fear of gaing weight 3. distorted body image 4. absence of at least 3 consecutive menstrual cycles |
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Types of Anorexia
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1. Restricting Type
2. Binge-eating/Purging Type ~BELOW BODY WEIGHT |
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Consequences of Anorexia
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1. low BP
2. low body temp 3. bone growth retarded 4. anemia 5. early onset of osteoperosis 6. cardiac arethmia/failure 7. death rates: 10% 8. 1% of pop; 90% females |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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1. recurrent episodes of binge eating
2. inappropriate compensating in order to prevent weight gain 3. binging at LEAST 2xs/week/3months 4. self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape/weight |
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Types of Bulimia
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1. Purging Type
2. NonPurging Type ~fasting, exercise |
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consequences of Bulimia
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1. loss of electrolites and body fluid
2. enamel loss 3. incr cavaties 4. salitory glands enlarge 5. callouses on back of hand 6. laxative dependent 7. tears in esophagus 8. stomach ruptures 9. cardiac arythmia prev: 1-3%; 90% female |
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Pica
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1. persistant eating of nonnutritive substances
2. eating has to be inappropriate to developmental level 3. eating is not a culturally sanctioned practice 4. if during another metnal disorder s/t linked to vitamin deficiencies |
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Pica: infants and young children
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paste, paint, plaster, string, hair, cloth
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Pica: older children
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leaves, pebbles, insects, sand, animal poo
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Pica: adolescents and adults
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clay and soil
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childhood disorders
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1. ADHD
2. Conduct Disorder 3. Tic Disorder 4. Tourette's Disorder |
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ADHD
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1. inattention
2. hyperactivity 3. impulsivity 2:1-9:1 M:F Sx seen prior to age 7 see in 2 or more settings |
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Tx for ADHD
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drugs
1. mild stimulant-amphetamine 1. Ritalin & Dexedrine 2. side-effects ~lethargic, stunt growth, etc |
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Conduct Disorder
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4 primary characteristics
1. aggression to pple/animals 2. destruction of property 3. deceitfulness or theft 4. serious violation of rules |
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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milder version of Conduct Disorder
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Tic Disorder
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single or multiple motor OR vocal tics
~NOT BOTH onset before 18, avg. age 7 |
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Types of Tic
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1. vocal: word or sound (grunt)
2. motor: usually involve head, twitch 3. complex: squatting, skipping |
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Coprolalia
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vocal tic: obscenities
prev: 5-30/10,000 children |
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Copropraxia
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motor tic: obscene gestures
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Tx for Tic Disorder
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1. antipsychotic
~Haldol (Sz) blocks DA 2. behavioral techniques ~lengthen time behav is suppressed |
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Tourette's Disorder
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BOTH multiple motor & one or more vocal tics present AT SOME TIME
NOT necessarily SAME TIME |
