Psy 318 - Test 3

Front 1

insight

Back 1

a solution that occurs without benefit of learning

Front 2

solution

Back 2

accidental success; trying on thing then another until hit solution

Front 3

problem

Back 3

a situation in which reinforcement is available but the behavior necessary to produce it is not

Front 4

behavior chain

Back 4

connected sequence of behavior; segments of chain must be completed in a particular order

Front 5

chaining

Back 5

process of reinforcing each of a series of related behaviors to form a behavior chain

Front 6

learned industriousness

Back 6

training people not to quit; reinforcing high level of effort and persistence despite difficulties increases the tendency to work hard at difficult tasks

Front 7

shaping

Back 7

the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

Front 8

procedure of chaining

Back 8

1) break task down into component elements (task analysis)

2) reinforce performance of the links in the correct sequence (forward or backward chaining)

Front 9

task analysis

Back 9

breaking task down into its component elements

Front 10

forward chaining

Back 10

reinforce performance of first link in chain, reinforce performance of first two links, the performance of first three link and so on

Front 11

backward chaining

Back 11

begin with last link in chain, work backwards towards first element; perform last link, then last two links, then last three links

Front 12

three major theories of positive reinforcement

Back 12

1) drive reduction theory (reinforce reduces drives)

2) relative value theory (values determine reinforcing properties of behavior)

3) response - deprivation theory (reinforcement depends on discrepancy between baseline rate)

Front 13

premack's relative value theory

Back 13

need to know only the relative values of the activities

Front 14

behavioral momentum

Back 14

behavior that has been reinforced many times is more likely to persist when obstructed in some way

Front 15

secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

Back 15

not innate but the result of learning experiences (smiles, praise, recognition)

Front 16

generalized (conditoned) reinforcers

Back 16

reinforcers that have been paired with many different kinds of reinforcers that can be used in a wide variety of situations

Front 17

contingency in operant learning

Back 17

degree of correlation between a behavior and its consequence

(stronger correlation the more effective the reinforcer)

Front 18

response deprivation theory

Back 18

behavior becomes reinforcing when the individual is prevented from engaging in the behavior at its normal frequency

Front 19

motivating operations

Back 19

anything that changes the effectiveness of a consequence

-establishing: increase effectiveness of consequence

-abolishing: decrease its effectiveness

Front 20

operant learning

Back 20

experiences whereby behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences

Front 21

temporal contiguity rule

Back 21

gap in time between a behavior and its reinforcing consequence (the shorter the interval is, the faster learning occurs)

Front 22

Premack Principles

Back 22

high probability behavior reinforcers low probability behavior

Front 23

automatic reinforcers

Back 23

reinforcing event is an automatic consequence of an action

Front 24

law of effect

Back 24

behavior is a function of its consequences

Front 25

positive reinforcement

Back 25

the consequence of a behavior is the appearance of, or an increase in the intensity of a stimulus

(added)

Front 26

negative reinforcement

Back 26

(escape-avoidance learning) behavior is strengthened by the removal, or a decrease in the intensity, of a stimulus

(removal)

Front 27

primary (unconditional) reinforcers

Back 27

those that appear to be innately effective, not dependent on learning experiences

(food, water, sex)

Front 28

natural reinforcers

Back 28

events that follow spontaneously from a behavior

Front 29

contrived reinforcers

Back 29

events that are provided by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior

Front 30

role of dopamine

Back 30

one of the brain's major neurotransmitters and one source of natural high

Front 31

reinforcement procedure

Back 31

an increase in strength of behavior due to its consequences

Front 32

three characteristics to qualify as reinforcement

Back 32

1) behavior must have consequence

2) behavior must increase in strength (occur more)

3) increase in strength must be result of consequence

Front 33

difference between response deprivation and Premack's relative value theory

Back 33

relative says that relative value of one reinforcer to another is not vital, what is vital is extent to which each behavior occurs below baseline

Front 34

reward pathway

Back 34

implication was that ordinary reinforcers might be reinforcing because they had the power to stimulate brain reward's center (middle brain)

Front 35

creativity

Back 35

novelty

Front 36

supersitious behavior

Back 36

any behavior that occurs repeatedly even though it does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it