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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Social Perception
how we form impressions and make inferences about other people
Types of social perception
-physical appearance
-verbal communication
-nonverbal communication
Facial Expressions
-prominent nonverbal source
-can be difficult to decode
-may reveal things we don't want revealed
Covariation Model
a certain behavior is attributed to potential causes that appear at the same time
Covariation Model: Consensus
the more people share ideas and act the same way (high consensus), the less they attribute to the person and the more they attribute to the context
Covariation Model: Distinctiveness
distinctiveness is high (someone only behaves a certain way in a particular situation), one will attribute this behavior more to the context instead of person characteristics
Covariation Model
If a person’s behavior is inconsistent, we attribute the behavior to the context but not to him
Fundamental Attribution Error
in other peoples' behavior:
-we overestimate dispositions
-underestimate situations
Correspondence Bias
overestimate how much behavior corresponds to personality
Two Step Process of Attribution
1. automatic internal attribution
2. with conscious effort, we may think about possible situational causes
Actor/Observer Difference
-observer can't see situational causes of actor's behavior
-does NOT occur when we explain our successes
Perceptual Salience
-info. that is focus of our attention (overestimate causal role)
-involves need for accuracy
-anchoring and adjustment heuristic

ex: depending on what angle someone is sitting, think one person is talking more than the other when both are talking same amount
Spotlight Effect
we believe people are paying closer attention to our appearance/behavior than they actually are
Self-Serving Attributions
-we know about our past successes
-want to maintain self-esteem
-want others to perceive us positively
Defensive Attributions
-unrealistic optimism
-belief in a just world (good things happen to good people)
----blaming the victim
Self-Aggrandizement
"I am the greatest"
Exaggerated perceptions of control
"I can handle it"
The Self
traits, attitudes, and behaviors
Self-Concept
-knowledge of who we are
-shows improvement over time (regardless of actual improvement)
-may seem obvious
-self perception often influenced in ways unknown to us
Introspection
-not relied on very much
-even when used, we may not recognize why we feel/act a certain way
Reasons-Generated Attitude Change
-pros and cons lists (logical, not always right)
-usually not effective
Self-Awareness Theory
-when we introspect, we compare our behavior to internal standards
-self awareness is plesant if we meet standards
-when made aware of a discrepancy, we attempt to change behavior to match standards
Self-Perception Theory
-inner feelings or attitudes by observing situations
-similar to attribution process
Motivation
-intrinsic (internal satisfaction)
-extrinsic (tangible reward)
Overjustification Effect
bribing people to do what they already like to do
Cognitive Appraisal Theories
-emotions from interpreting events, even when NOT physiologically aroused
-says arousal doesn't always come first
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
feel arousal first, then look for explanation
Misattribution of Arousal
incorrect inference about what is causing a certain feeling
Impression Management
-want to affect others' impressions of us
-then, want others to treat us in a way consistent with those impressions
Ingratiation
be liked; by affection
Supplication
be helpless; by nurturance
Exemplification
be worthy; by shame (better)
Intimidation
be dangerous; by fear
Self-Promotion
be competent; by respect

"Do you know who I am?"
Self Enhancement and Protection
-basking in reflected glory (except when we value the characteristic and haven't achieved it)
-cutting off reflected failure
Self-Handicapping
-creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves (in advance of a poor performance)
Purpose of self-handicapping
-to avoid internal attributions for failure
-behavioral obstacles
-verbal examples
-can relate to self fulfilling prophecy
Cognitive Dissonance
behavior and attitude are inconsistent
Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance
1. change behavior
2. change dissonant cognition (rationalize; "everyone does it")
3. add new cognitions (acknowledge bad, but find a way to justify)
Why is mild punishment more effective?
arouses dissonance, which then has to be reduced by changing one's attitude toward the prohibited behavior
Self-Discrepancy Theory
people are motivated to be consistent in their perceptions of themselves