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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Social Perception
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how we form impressions and make inferences about other people
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Types of social perception
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-physical appearance
-verbal communication -nonverbal communication |
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Facial Expressions
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-prominent nonverbal source
-can be difficult to decode -may reveal things we don't want revealed |
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Covariation Model
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a certain behavior is attributed to potential causes that appear at the same time
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Covariation Model: Consensus
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the more people share ideas and act the same way (high consensus), the less they attribute to the person and the more they attribute to the context
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Covariation Model: Distinctiveness
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distinctiveness is high (someone only behaves a certain way in a particular situation), one will attribute this behavior more to the context instead of person characteristics
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Covariation Model
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If a person’s behavior is inconsistent, we attribute the behavior to the context but not to him
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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in other peoples' behavior:
-we overestimate dispositions -underestimate situations |
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Correspondence Bias
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overestimate how much behavior corresponds to personality
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Two Step Process of Attribution
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1. automatic internal attribution
2. with conscious effort, we may think about possible situational causes |
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Actor/Observer Difference
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-observer can't see situational causes of actor's behavior
-does NOT occur when we explain our successes |
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Perceptual Salience
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-info. that is focus of our attention (overestimate causal role)
-involves need for accuracy -anchoring and adjustment heuristic ex: depending on what angle someone is sitting, think one person is talking more than the other when both are talking same amount |
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Spotlight Effect
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we believe people are paying closer attention to our appearance/behavior than they actually are
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Self-Serving Attributions
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-we know about our past successes
-want to maintain self-esteem -want others to perceive us positively |
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Defensive Attributions
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-unrealistic optimism
-belief in a just world (good things happen to good people) ----blaming the victim |
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Self-Aggrandizement
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"I am the greatest"
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Exaggerated perceptions of control
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"I can handle it"
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The Self
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traits, attitudes, and behaviors
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Self-Concept
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-knowledge of who we are
-shows improvement over time (regardless of actual improvement) -may seem obvious -self perception often influenced in ways unknown to us |
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Introspection
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-not relied on very much
-even when used, we may not recognize why we feel/act a certain way |
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Reasons-Generated Attitude Change
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-pros and cons lists (logical, not always right)
-usually not effective |
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Self-Awareness Theory
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-when we introspect, we compare our behavior to internal standards
-self awareness is plesant if we meet standards -when made aware of a discrepancy, we attempt to change behavior to match standards |
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Self-Perception Theory
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-inner feelings or attitudes by observing situations
-similar to attribution process |
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Motivation
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-intrinsic (internal satisfaction)
-extrinsic (tangible reward) |
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Overjustification Effect
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bribing people to do what they already like to do
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Cognitive Appraisal Theories
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-emotions from interpreting events, even when NOT physiologically aroused
-says arousal doesn't always come first |
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Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
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feel arousal first, then look for explanation
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Misattribution of Arousal
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incorrect inference about what is causing a certain feeling
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Impression Management
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-want to affect others' impressions of us
-then, want others to treat us in a way consistent with those impressions |
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Ingratiation
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be liked; by affection
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Supplication
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be helpless; by nurturance
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Exemplification
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be worthy; by shame (better)
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Intimidation
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be dangerous; by fear
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Self-Promotion
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be competent; by respect
"Do you know who I am?" |
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Self Enhancement and Protection
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-basking in reflected glory (except when we value the characteristic and haven't achieved it)
-cutting off reflected failure |
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Self-Handicapping
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-creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves (in advance of a poor performance)
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Purpose of self-handicapping
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-to avoid internal attributions for failure
-behavioral obstacles -verbal examples -can relate to self fulfilling prophecy |
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Cognitive Dissonance
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behavior and attitude are inconsistent
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Ways to reduce cognitive dissonance
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1. change behavior
2. change dissonant cognition (rationalize; "everyone does it") 3. add new cognitions (acknowledge bad, but find a way to justify) |
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Why is mild punishment more effective?
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arouses dissonance, which then has to be reduced by changing one's attitude toward the prohibited behavior
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Self-Discrepancy Theory
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people are motivated to be consistent in their perceptions of themselves
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