Psy 313 Test 3- Traits

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Temperant

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Innate emotional aspects of personality

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According to Allport was is the primary unit of personality?

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The trait

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Trait

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A characteristic of a person that makes a person unique, with a unique style of adapting to stimuli in the world

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Individual Trait

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A trait that characterizes only the one person who has it; ex] idiographic point of view

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Common Trait

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A trait that characterizes many people; ex] nomothetic point of view

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Unique Trait

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A trait that only one person has ex] individual trait

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According to Allport, what are good clues to personality?

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Interests

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Expressive Traits

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Traits concerned with a style of tempo of a person's behavior

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Central Trait

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One of the half dozen or so traits that best describe a particular person

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Secondary Trait

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Trait that influences a limited range of behaviors

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Cardinal Trait

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Pervasive personality trait that dominates everything a person does

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Functional Autonomy

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A traits independence from its developmental origins; ex] girl wanting to be like mother and adapting all of her interests, Allport argued those interests become internalized and are now her own interests

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Unifying Philosophy of Life

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An attitude or set of values, often religious that gives coherence and meaning to life

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Unitas Multiplex

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Latin phrase indicating that a person makes a unified whole out of many diverse aspects of personality

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Proprium

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All aspects of a person that makes for unity; a person's sense of self or ego

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Ego Extensions

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Objects or people that help define a persons identity or sense of self

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Rational Coper

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A stage in middle childhood in which problem solving ability is important to ones sense of self

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Propriate Striving

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Effort based on sense of selfhood or identity

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Self as Knower

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A stage in adulthood in which a person integrates the self into unified whole

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Extrinsic Religious Orientation

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Attitude in which religious seen as a means to a persons other goals such as status or security

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Intrinsic Religious Orientation

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Attitude in which religion is accepted for its own sake rather than as a means to an end

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Jackdaw Eclectricism

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Considering concepts from diverse theories, without making careful selection from and evaluation of these concepts

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Correlation Coefficient

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A measure of the association between two variables, in which 0 indicates no association an +1 or -1 a strong association (positive or negative)

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Correlation Matrix

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A chart of the correlations between all pairs of a set of variables

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Factor Analysis

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A statistical procedure for determining a smaller number of dimensions in a data set from a large number of variables

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Trait

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That which defines what a person will do in a particular situation

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Q-data

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Data from self report tests or questionnaires

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T-data

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Data collected from objective tests such as reaction times

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L-data

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objective information about the life history of the individual

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Multivariate

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A research strategy that includes many variables

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Surface Traits

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Traits as defined simply at the level of observable behavior

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Source Traits

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Basic, underlying personality traits

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16PF

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Cattell's questionnaire designed to measure the major source traits of normal personality

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Profile

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The pattern of a person's scores on several parts of a personality test

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Second-order factor analysis

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Factor analysis which the data are factor scores (rather than raw data); produces more general personality factors

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Fluid Intelligence

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The part of intelligence that is the innate ability to learn, without including the effects of specific learning

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Crystallized Intelligence

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Intelligence influenced by education, so it measures what has been learned

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Culture Fair Intelligence Test

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A test designed to measure fluid intelligence only

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Erg

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a constitutional dynamic source trait
AKA- an innate motivational trait
comes from the greek word meaning energy

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Metaerg

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Environmental mold dynamic source traits; includes sentiments(general) and attitudes (specific)
These are Ergs-aka energy that is channeled into learned patterns

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Subsidation

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The pattern of interrelationships among ergs, metaergs, and sentiments

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Dynamic Lattice

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Cattell's diagram to show motivational dynamics

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Confluence Learning

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Learning behaviors that satisfy more than one motivation

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Specification Equation

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Mathematical expression that shows how personality and situational variables combine to predict a specific behavior

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Syntality

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Group (e.g., national) differences in personality

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Constitutional Trait

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A trait influenced by heredity

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Environmental Traits

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Traits influenced by learning

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Multiple Abstract Variance Analysis (MAVA)

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Statistical technique for assessing how much of a trait is determined by heredity and how much by environment

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Heritability

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The extent to which a trait is influenced by geneitcs

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Big Five

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The five-factor model of personality, consisting of extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness

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Extraversion

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Factor of personality, typified by sociability, cheerfulness, and activity
examples: warmth, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, positive emotions

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Agreeableness

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Factor of personality, typified by a friendly compliant personality
examples: trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tender-mindedness

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Neuroticism

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Factor of personality, typified by negative emotionality
examples: anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, vulnerability

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Conscientiousness

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Factor of personality, typified by hard work, orderliness, and self discipline
examples: competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, delt-discipline, and deliberation

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Openness

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Factor of personality, typified by artistic, imaginative, and intellectual interests
examples: fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values

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Evolutionary Psychology

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The perspective that applies the evolutionary principles of natural selection to understanding human psychology, including personality

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Inclusive Fitness

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The evolutionary principle that traits that increase the survival of the individual and his or her genetic relatives will become more frequent by natural selection

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Kin Altruism

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The principle that natural selection favors those who risk their own lives or welfare to improve the survival and reproductive prospects of their genetic relatives

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Reciprocal Altruism

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The evolutionary principle whereby members of a group take risks to help the survival and reproductive prospects of others, even non relatives, with the expectation of being helped in return

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Evolved Psychological Mechanisms

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Specific pyschological processes that have evolved because they solved particular adaptive problems
Examples: sexual jealousy, dealing with the problem of parental uncertainity

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Parental Investment

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The expenditure of time and resources to reproduce each child, especially emphasizing the amount of one's reproductive potential that is expended for each child

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Parental Uncertainity

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Evolutionary proposal that men cannot be sure they are biological fathers of the children born to their mates

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Oxytocin

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Hormone released by nursing females and in sexual intercourse; thought to promote caretaking and cuddling

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Cultural Evolution

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Evolution through transmitted learning from one generation to another

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Heritability

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The statistic that shows what proportion of the variability of a trait in a particular population is associated with genetic variability

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Emergenic Traits

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Phenotypic traits caused by a constellation of many genes and so may not appear to run in families

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Temperament

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The biologically based foundation of personality, including such characteristic patterns of behavior as emotionality, activity, and socialability

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Inhibited Type

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Temperament type that is shy and non assertive around strangers, proposed to have high levels of nor epinephrine

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Uninhibited type

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Temperament type that is outgoing and low in fear, proposed to have lower sympathetic nervous system

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Amygdala

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Brain area involved with fear, theorized to contribute to inhibited temperment

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Genotype

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The inherited genetic profile of an individual

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Phenotype

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The developed characteristics that can be observed in an individual based on both genetic and environmental influences

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Dopamine

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Neurotransmitter involved in many brain functions, including rewarding experiences, novelty seeking, schizophrenia (high levels), and Parkinson's disease (low levels)

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Strong Nervous System

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In Pavlov's theory, a nervous system that forms stronger conditioned responses and tolerates higher intensities of stimulation; said by other theorists to produce extroversion

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Weak Nervous System

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In Pavlov's theory, a nervous system that forms weaker conditioned responses and does not tolerate high intensities of stimulation; said by other theorists to produce introversion

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Sensation Seeking

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Trait, proposed by Zuckerman, of seeking vaired, novel, and complex, and intense sensations and experiences, even if that requires risks

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Extroversion

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Tolerance for high levels of stimulation, because of a strong nervous system that inhibits incoming stimulation, leading to sociability in Eysenck's theory

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Neroticism

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Tendency toward high levels of emotional arousal; the second factor in Eysenck's theory

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Psychoticism

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In Eysenck's model factor related to nonconformity or social deviance

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Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

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In Gray's model, tendency of personality related to the approaching of rewarding experiences

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Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

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In Gray's model, tendency of personality related to reactions to aversive stimuli

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Novelty Seeking

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Biological trait proposed by Cloninger that activates people to explore new things; related to dopamine levels

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Harm Avoidance

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Biological dimension that inhibits behavior; related to serotonin levels

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Reward Dependence

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Biological Dimension that maintains behavior through seeking rewards; related to noepinephrine levels

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Fight-Flight System

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Biological personality factor that produces rage and panic