Psy 312: Final Exam Flashcards

Front 1

Naturalistic Observation

Back 1

Measure behavior in natural situations without performing any manipulation

Front 2

Controlled Observation

Back 2

Measure behavior in contrived (created) situation

Front 3

Case Studies

Back 3

Study 1 or more individuals in great depth to reveal universal truths (Often used with unusual/rare populations)

Front 4

Naturalistic observation, controlled observation, and case studies are all types of ...

Back 4

Descriptive Studies

Front 5

Prevalence

Back 5

Proportion of individuals in the population who suffer from the defined disease
Measure of burden of disease on society
Important for planning delivery of health care/services

Front 6

Incidence

Back 6

A measure of the risk of developing a new condition within a specified period of time.
Number of new cases in a time period
Measures the risk of developing the disease Important for understanding etiology of a disease

Front 7

Cross-sectional

Back 7

Different groups of individuals all measured at one time

Front 8

Longitudinal

Back 8

One group of individuals measured periodically across time

Front 9

Correlational methods

Back 9

Observational with no manipulation of the study environment

Front 10

Correlational methods

Back 10

■ Researcher measures two or more variables to determine relationship between the two

Front 11

Independent variable

Back 11

The variable that is manipulated to test the effect on the dependent variable.

Front 12

Dependent variable

Back 12

What changes as a condition of changing the independent variable.

Front 13

Control condition

Back 13

Constant variable maintained through all trials and is never manipulated across experiments.

Front 14

Experimental studies incorporate these items
1.
2.
3.
4.

Back 14

1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable
3. Control condition
4. Random assigment

Front 15

Two types of random assignment

Back 15

Between groups and within-groups

Front 16

Single-subject designs

Back 16

■ individuals behavior during treatment compared to baseline
■ behavior measured repeatedly

Front 17

Strengths and weaknesses of "Descriptive Studies"

Back 17

■ strengths
● may be only way to investigate phenomenon
● may suggest hypotheses to be studied with additional studies
■ weaknesses
● cannot determine cause of behavior
● observer biases are often unchecked

Front 18

Strengths and weaknesses of "Correlational Methods"

Back 18

■ strengths
● can perform studies where manipulation of variable is impossible
■ weaknesses
● cannot determine cause and effect
● often misinterpreted as causal

Front 19

Strengths and weaknesses of "Experimental Studies"

Back 19

■ strengths
● can determine cause and effect
● conditions highly controlled

Front 20

Strengths and weaknesses of "Cross-sectional methods"

Back 20

● strengths - cheaper, more efficient
● weaknesses - can’t study change within individuals or time course

Front 21

Strengths and weaknesses of "Longitudinal methods"

Back 21

● strengths - can study changes within individuals and time course
● weaknesses - cohort effects, repeated testing, loss of participants

Front 22

Phases of treatment research

Back 22

○ formulation and systematic application of a new intervention
■ conduct initial efficacy studies to refine techniques and document clinical significance of effects - single subject or group designs
○ manualization and protocol development
■ small, multisite pilot studies for feasibility testing (implementing manual and assessment protocol with 2-3 subjects at each treatment site)
○ efficacy studies
■ RCTs - test for mediators and moderators
○ community effectiveness studies
■ RCTs or other group designs

Front 23

Formulation and systematic application of a new intervention

Back 23

conduct initial efficacy studies to refine techniques and document clinical significance of effects - single subject or group designs

Front 24

Manualization and protocol development

Back 24

small, multisite pilot studies for feasibility testing (implementing manual and assessment protocol with 2-3 subjects at each treatment site)

Front 25

Efficacy studies

Back 25

RCTs: test for mediators and moderators

Front 26

Community effectiveness studies

Back 26

RCTs or other group designs

Front 27

Potential harms of psychotherapy

Back 27

■ economic harm (monetary loss)
■ indirect harm (opportunity costs)
■ direct harm (adverse outcome)

Front 28

Threats to validity

Back 28

■ participant selection
■ treatment adherence
■ maturation/improvement
■ history
■ testing
■ instrumentation
■ regression to the mean
■ differential selection of participants
■ interaction of selection and treatment
■ placebo/expectancy effects

Front 29

Randomization

Back 29

■ randomly assigned to treatment or control group
■ any inherent differences are washed out

Front 30

Matched groups' threat to validity

Back 30

● Threat to validity: Interaction of selection and treatment

Front 31

Comparison groups' threat to validity

Back 31

● Threat to validity: Differential selection of participants

Front 32

Two types of control groups

Back 32

Matched groups and Comparison groups

Front 33

○ Lilienfeld’s (2009) description of interventions that have been found to be potentially harmful

Back 33

■ demonstrated harmful psychological or physical effects in clients or others (relatives)
■ harmful effects are enduring - not short-term response to txt
■ harmful effects replicated by independent teams

Front 34

○ Level 1: Treatments that probably produce harm in some individuals

Back 34

■ RCTs replicated by at least one independent team
■ Meta-analyses of RCTs
■ the consistent and sudden emergence of low-base-rate adverse events following the introduction of therapy

Front 35

○ Level 2: Treatments that possibly produce harm

Back 35

■ quasi-experimental designs replicated by at least one independent team
■ replicated single-case designs