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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biopsych vs. Neuroscience
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Biopsych takes a more global perspective. Neuroscience tends to stay on a more cellular, molecular, ionic level. Doesn't care so much about how you feel
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Fundamental Questions
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Nature vs. Nurture
Mind-Body Problem |
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Mind-Body Problem
Plato vs. Aristotle |
Plato: Believed mind was separate from body.
Aristotle: Believed brain was controlled by the heart. Plato's ideas were more accepted for the next 1500 years. Mind = Soul. |
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Descartes (1641)
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Founder of Modern Philosophy. Updated plato's philosophy = Mind-Body Dualism: "I think, therefore I am". You have to exist to think. Cant doubt the mind. 1st person to say that behavior could be understood by Neuroscience. Said mind and body were made of 2 diff. things. People started to doubt his views in 1800s.
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Physiology
Psychophysics |
How nervous systems work.
Measures relationship b/w mind + body (Just Noticeable Difference, Absolute Threshold, Difference Threshold) |
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Phineas Cage (1860s)
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Railroad Foreman. Packed explosives in ground. Didn't put dirt over explosives. Railroad spike shot through his pre-frontal cortex. Became rude, couldn't control his emotions. Didn't experience appropriate emotions at right times. Make people feel like our emotions were more physical than they thought.
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Prefrontal Cortex
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Most advanced evolutionary part of the brain.
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Substances vs. Properties
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Everything is made of something. Substances determine properties of an object (texture, color, shape). The reason for the properties of something is explained by the substances that make it up
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Monism
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Mind and Body is made of one thing (the brain).
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Physicalism/Materialism
Non-Reductive Physicalism |
Brain is the only thing in the world.
Brain produces mind, BUT the mind cannot be explained in terms of the brain. Takes on a life of its own. Made of the same thing, but different properties. |
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Epiphenomenalism
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Consciousness happens after your brain has already done something.
Ex. raising your hand. You think about it, then you're conscious of the thought, then you do it. Brain --> Thought --> Behavior |
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Mental Causation
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The mind cannot produce behavior. The mind = thoughts. Thoughts come from the brain. The brain produces thoughts, therefore brain produce behavior. Without brain, there'd be no thoughts so no behavior. Brain = thoughts and behavior.
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Easy Problems With Consciousness
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Showing that this psychological state (Mind) is associated with this physical state (Brain)
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Hard Problem
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Explaining what its like for the brain to experience something. Explaining the WHY.
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Gene
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unit of inheritance, located on chromosomes
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Chromosomes
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pairs of 2. Each individual chromosome is a strand of DNA. 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes contained in Nucleus
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DNA
mRNA Transcription |
structure composed of Nucleotide bases for building a biological organism.
Messenger RNA copies. New strand of Molecules. Disposable. |
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Amino Acids
Proteins |
20 amino acids in body. Some come from food.
All proteins are built from amino acids. Proteins make hormones and neurotransmitters, which make behavior possible. Different levels affect how you think feel behave. Processes are no different than the ones that make skin hair teeth. |
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Cells of Nervous System
Cell Body |
Dendrites: Branches on cell body. Info receiving neurons
Axon: Makes info transmission possible. The stem of cell body. Axon Terminal: Transmitting end of neuron. |
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How many Neurons in Brain?
Sensory, Motor, Interneurons The Synapse |
100 Billion
1%, 9%, 90% Point of contact b/w 2 neurons. 100-10000 per neuron. 100 trillion in Brain |
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Neuroglia
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Provides support functions to the brain
All behavior, physical and mental is a function of the neurons communicating with each other. |
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Nervous system
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Central Nervous System -> Brain, Spinal Cord
Peripheral N.S. (away from brain) -> Somatic Nervous System (skeletal muscle) & Autonomic N.S. |
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Anterior
Posterior |
Front. Prefrontal Cortex
Rear. Occipital Cortex |
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Dorsal
Ventral |
Back. Top of brain
Belly. Lower portion of brain |
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Medial
Lateral |
Middle of brain
Side view of Brain |
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Horizontal Plane
Sagital Plane Coronal Plane |
From top to bottom. Ventral Dorsal
From ear to ear. Lateral Medial Back to front. |
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Ganglia
Nuclei |
Groupings of cell bodies. Peripheral N.S.
Cell bodies in CNS |
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Nerve
Tract |
Bundles of axons in PNS
Bundles of axons |
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Neocortex
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Cells organize themselves. Sheet or layer of cells. 6 layers from innermost to outermost. involved in language.
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Reptilian Brain
Mammalian Brain Neommailian Brain |
Brainstem
Limbic System Neocortex Most highly developed in the species |
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5 Divisions of Brain
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Hindbrain
Midbrain Forebrain Telencephalon Diencephalon |
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Telencephalon
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AKA- Cerebrum. Limbic system; Cerebral cortex or cortices of the cerebral hemispheres, Basal ganglia, Olfactory bulb. On top of brainstem. Largest and most well developed of the 5 divisions of brain
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Diencephalon
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includes the thalamus, hypothalamus. located at the midline of the brain.is part of the forebrain
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Hindbrain
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includes the cerebellum, the pons, and the medulla oblongata.
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Cerebellum
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Connected to pons, cortex (3 layers). Neurons in Cerebellum involved with sensory-motor integration - timing functions. complex but learned activities. Highly susceptible to alcohol. slows sensory motor integration.
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Pons
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On top of Medulla Oblongata.
Reticular Formation: sleep, arousal, wakefulness, being aware of environment. Raphe Nuclei: sleep and dreaming states. |
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Medulla Oblongata
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Lowest in Hindbrain. Connects brain to spinal cord. Crucial for breathing and heart rate.
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Midbrain
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Connects spinal cord to Forebrain. The dorsal surface of the Midbrain forms the Tectum meaning 'roof'. (learning/ operant conditioning).The ventral surface is characterized by 2 large fiber bundles, the Cerebral Peduncles, containing Axons that travel between the Cerebral Cortex, Brainstem, and the Spinal Cord
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Inferior Colliculus
Superior Colliculus Basal Ganglia Substantia Nigra |
Controls auditory orientation
Controls visual orientation Timing of motor actions. (parkinsons causes problems in B.G) Pathways that line Basal Ganglia |
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Forebrain
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Largest part of the brain. Made up of the Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and the Limbic system.
2 Hemispheres w/ 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal. |
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Cerebral Cortex
Neocortex Cingulate Cortex |
Opposite of Cerebellum.
6 layers. Consciousness and sensory processing takes place. 5 layers. Attention, conflict monitoring, error detection. |
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Thalamus
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receives all incoming sensory info except olfaction info (smell). Output of eyes, ears, skin, allows sensory info to be analysed briefly and sent somewhere else to process.
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Hypothalamus
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Controls endocrine system - Hormones. Controlled by CNS via Hypothalamus. Controls activation of Sympathetic N.S.
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Olfactory Bulbs
Amygdala |
Process Smell
On top of Hippocampus. Fear and aggression. It detects threatening info. |
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Hippocampus
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memory (long term, conscious memories). Doesn't store, it encodes. Deep inside cortex and interconnected w/ neocortex.
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Frontal lobe
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Contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. Associated with reward, attention, long-term memory, planning, and drive. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain.
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Parietal lobe
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plays important roles in integrating sensory information from various senses, and in the manipulation of objects; portions of the parietal lobe are involved with visuospatial processing
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Occipital lobe
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Sense of sight; lesions can produce hallucinations. Primary and secondary visual cortex.
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Temporal lobe
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Senses of smell and sound, as well as processing of complex stimuli like faces and scenes. long term memory, language storage, primary auditory cortex.
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Topography- Maplike
Sulci Gyri |
Folds and valleys
Ridges |
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Gray matter
White matter |
Surface of brain. Cell bodies
Underneath layers of gray matter. Fatty tissue. Divided into cerebral hemispheres. Joined by Corpus Collosum and Anterior Commisure. |
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Somatic Nervous System
Afferent- Feeling Efferent- Effect. E for exit. |
31 pairs of nerves. Spinal nerves.
Somatosensation - touch. Skin sensory system Motor control. Exiting fibers innervate 2 different systems Spinal nerves are both A & E |
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Efferent: 2 different systems.
Pyramidal Extrapyramidal |
Voluntary motor functions
Automatic. Unconscious Motor Functions. |
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
Sensory Nerve Motor Nerve White Matter |
Find cell bodies here
Wire up at the back Wire up at the front Represents axons |
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Autonomic Nervous System
Efferent Nerves |
Unconsciously controlled. Brain communicates with internal organs.
Innervate smooth muscle |
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Sympathetic N.S
Parasympathetic N.S 4F |
Controls most of the time but you dont notice it.
Deals with feeling emotion or activating system. Fight Flight Feed Fornicate Never activated at same time EXCEPT at orgasm |
