Psy 303: Psychology Of Physiology

Front 1

Rostral is

Back 1

The nose

Front 2

Caudal is

Back 2

The tail

Front 3

Anterior is

Back 3

The front

Front 4

Posterior is

Back 4

The back

Front 5

Dorsal is

Back 5

The top (for humans dorsal and posterior are the same)

Front 6

Ventral is

Back 6

below (for humans ventral and anterior are the same)

Front 7

Medial is

Back 7

Middle

Front 8

Lateral is

Back 8

Moving away from the middle

Front 9

The caudal of the brain would be

Back 9

The brain stem

Front 10

What are planes

Back 10

A term used to describe how something is sectioned.

Front 11

Which of the following displays a Horizontal Plane?

A.

B.
C.

Back 11

A.

Front 12

Which of the following displays a sagittal plane?

A.

B.

C.

Back 12

B.

Front 13

Which of the following displays a coronal plane?

A.

B.

C.

Back 13

C.

Front 14

Gray matter chiefly consists of what type of cells?

Back 14

Neuron cells

Front 15

White matter consists of what?

Back 15

1 Neuron cell body projections (axons)

2. Oligodendrocytes

Front 16

Why does white matter appear white?

Back 16

White matter is surrounded by a fatty layer called myelin

Front 17

What types of genes are responsible for producing segmented body structures?

Back 17

Hox Genes

Front 18

Why are Hox genes important?

Back 18

They are used for patterning symmetry in the embryo thereby producing segmentation

Front 19

Peripheral nervous system is composed of what two main systems

Back 19

1. Somatic nervous system (which contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)

2. Autonomic nervous system

Front 20

Which nervous system transmits sensation and produces movement?

Back 20

Somatic nervous system

Front 21

Which nervous system is responsible for arousal?

Back 21

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 22

Which nervous system is responsible for calming?

Back 22

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 23

Which nervous system is responsible for maintaining balance of internal functions?

Back 23

Autonomic nervous system

Front 24

The autonomic nervous system is composed of

Back 24

The cranial and spinal nerves

Front 25

T/F: Afferent relays information out while efferent relays information in

Back 25

False. Afferent relays information in and efferent relays information out.

Front 26

Define "Dermatomes"

Back 26

A portion of the body represented by a spinal cord segment

Front 27

describe Bell-Magendie Law

Back 27

Proposed that the dorsal roots are sensory (afferent) while the ventral roots are motor (Efferent)

Front 28

Damage to a dermatome can result in

Back 28

A loss of sensation to a specific region of the body associated to that spinal cord.

Front 29

Based on Bell-Magendie Law which of the following is false?

A. Sensory = Afferent

B. Dorsal = Afferent

C. Motor = Ventral

D. Efferent = Motor

E. Sensory = Motor

Back 29

E. Sensory = Motor

Front 30

In the spinal cord, grey matter can be easily recognized due to its shape. What is this shape?

Back 30

Butterfly

Front 31

T/F: In the spine, grey matter is medial relative to white matter

Back 31

True

Front 32

What are the main functions of the spinal cord?

Back 32

1. Relay body info to brain

2. Relay brain info to muscles

3. Spinal cord behaviors (reflex)

Front 33

Who first described the reflexes of the spinal cord?

Back 33

Charles Scott Sherrington

Front 34

Describe a simple spinal cord circuit

Back 34

1. Sensory information from sensory receptors is taken through the dorsal root

2. information is processed

3. Motor information is sent to the ventral root to carry out movement

Front 35

What is an example of a stretch reflex?

Back 35

Patellar reflex

Front 36

What are four types of reflexes?

Back 36

1. Stretch

2. Stepping

3. Placing

4. Scratch

Front 37

Describe the Babinski Sign

Back 37

A test in which scratching/tickling the underside of the foot elicits a curling response. This is used to test the central nervous system. If the toes curl up than that could indicate damage to the spinal cord. If the toes curl down than the spine is normal

Front 38

Define "Paralysis"

Back 38

Loss of movement and sensation

Front 39

Define "Quadraplegia"

Back 39

Paralysis in four limbs

Front 40

Define "Paraplegia"

Back 40

Paralysis in the lower limbs

Front 41

T/F: paralysis always results from the initial blow/trauma

Back 41

False. It can also result from damage after the initial trauma. I.e. the vertebrae is pressed against the spinal cord)

Front 42

What is NOGO

Back 42

A chemical secreted in the adult spinal cord that prevents modifications due to sprouting neurons.

Front 43

Why would it be important for the brain to have a chemical like NOGO?

Back 43

NOGO helps to control the amount of new growth of neurons in the brain. Without NOGO, it would be possible for uncontrollable production of neurons to occur resulting in cancer.

Front 44

The simplest behavior circuit wise is:

A. A stepping response

B. A scratch reflex

C. A stretch reflex

D. A placing response

Back 44

C. A stretch reflex

Front 45

The spinal cord connects with sensory receptors on the body via the _________________________________

A. Autonomic Nervous System

B. Somatic Nervous System

C. Peripheral Nervous System

D. Sympathetic Nervous System

Back 45

C. Peripheral Nervous System

Front 46

Who proposed three divisions of the brain

Back 46

Paul D. MacLean

Front 47

Paul D. MacLean proposed that the brain was divided into three parts. What are these three divisions?

Back 47

1. Neo-cortex

2. Limbic system

3. Reptillian

Front 48

The _______________________ is the main brain of a fish, amphibian, or reptile

Back 48

Brainstem

Front 49

T/F: The brainstem has centers for coordinating movememnt, controlling regulatory functions, and for hearing and vision but no real provision for conscious control of behavior

Back 49

True

Front 50

The brainstem can be separated by a ventricle into two parts. The _______________ part which is above the ventricle is responsible for sensory function while the _____________ part which is below the ventricle is responsible for motor funciton

Back 50

Dorsal (Tectum); Ventral (Tegmentum)

Front 51

There are three main divisions of the brain stem. What are they?

Back 51

1. diencephalon

2. mesencephelon (midbrain)

3. Cerebellum

Front 52

Diencephalon translates into

Back 52

The rooms

Front 53

What are three components of the diencephalon?

Back 53

1. Epithalamus

2. Thalamus

3. Hypothalamus

Front 54

This component of the diencephalon is responsible for seasonal rhythms such as hibernation

Back 54

Epithalamus

Front 55

The epithalamus is controlled by what gland?

Back 55

Pineal Gland

Front 56

this component of the diencephalon is considered a cortical relay system

Back 56

Thalamus

Front 57

This component of the diencephalon regulates behavior

Back 57

Hypothalamus

Front 58

Imagine that your body temperature has been extremely irradic over the past few weeks. Which body part would you say is likely to be malfuncitoning?

A. Hypothalamus

B. Thalamus

C. Epithalamus

D. Cerebellum

Back 58

A. Hypothalamus

Front 59

Name 2 behaviors in which the hypothalamus regulates.

Back 59

1. Drinking

2. Eating

3. Temperature Regulation

4. Sleep

5. Salt regulation

6. Sexual motiviation

7. sexual behavior

8. stress

Front 60

What is the normal function of the Lateral Hypothalamuc Nucleus (LHN)?

Back 60

Healthy LHN sends signals to encourage hunger and eating

Front 61

What would likely happen to the function of a damaged LHN?

Back 61

Damaged LHN would not be able to sends signals to promote hunger. Therefore, you would not be hungry

Front 62

What is the normal function of the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus (VHN)

Back 62

Normal VHN sends signals to stop eating.

Front 63

What would happen to the function of a damaged VHN?

Back 63

a damaged VHN would not be able to send signals to stop eating. Therefore, you would over eat.

Front 64

The Tectum and the Tegmentum can be found

Back 64

in the mesencephalon (Midbrain)

Front 65

The _________________ also known as the roof is responsible for sensory fnction

Back 65

Tectum

Front 66

The _______________ also known as the floor is responsible for motor functions

Back 66

Tegmentum

Front 67

The Tectum is divided into two parts

Back 67

1. Superior Colliculus

2. Inferior Colliculus

Front 68

The superior colliculus is responsible for

Back 68

Visual control

Front 69

The inferior colliculus is responsible for

Back 69

auditor control

Front 70

The Tegmentum is composed of

Back 70

Substantia Nigra

Front 71

What is the functional role of the substantia nigra

Back 71

Reward, addiction, and movement

Front 72

Damage to the ___________ appears to result in parkinsons

Back 72

Substantia Nigra

Front 73

Substantia Nigra is black because

Back 73

it contains melanin

Front 74

Parkinsons was once known as

Back 74

Shakin Palsy

Front 75

Tegmentum is comprised of

Back 75

1. substantia nigra

2. The reticular formation

Front 76

What is the reticular formation involved in?

Back 76

Sleep, arousal, attention, movement and some reflexes

Front 77

Describe the "little net"

Back 77

loosely clustered neurons amidst white matter in the tegmentum.

Front 78

What is the function of the reticular activating system?

Back 78

1. filters and prioritizes sensory information

2. Helps the brain to focus and remain alert

3. consciousness

Front 79

What would result if damage to the Reticular activating system occured

Back 79

Damaged RAS could lead to a coma.

Front 80

The Cerebellum is responsible for

Back 80

Motor behavior and motor skill learning

Front 81

The cerebellum is __________ in agile animals than less agile animals

Back 81

Larger

Front 82

Birds that are strong fliers have a larger lobule _____

Back 82

VI

Front 83

Birds with adept beaks have a larger/longer lobule _____________

Back 83

VI, VII, and VIII

Front 84

THe dinecephalic nucleus that suppresses weigh gain is:

A. Lateral Hypothalamus

B. Ventromedial

C. Dorsolateral

D. Ventrolateral

Back 84

B. Ventromedial

Front 85

The function of the tectum is to:

A. Map visual space

B. Map auditory space

C. Map visual and auditory space

D. Catch mice

Back 85

C. Map visual and auditory space.

Front 86

The brainstem connects what two components?

Back 86

1. forebrain

2. Spinal cord