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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Rescorla-Wagner model?
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States that the strength of the CS-US association is based on the degree to which the US is unexpected or surprising. It shows how one can use math to predict psychological phenomena.
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What is operant conditioning?
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The learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that it will be performed in the future. Elements include:
-positive or negative reinforcement or punishment -schedules of reinforcement |
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What is a synonym for operant conditioning?
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instrumental learning
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What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers?
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Whether or not they satisfy biological needs
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What is the benefit of ratio schedules in operant conditioning?
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high rates of responding because the number of rewards received is directly related to the number of responses made
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What is the benefit of the intermittent-reinforcement effect?
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resists extinction
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What are the pleasure centers in the brain?
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Nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, hypothalamus
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what does the theory of evolutionary/biological preparedness say?
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organisms are predisposed to learn some things more readily than others and to respond to stimuli in ways that are consistent with their evolutionary history
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What are some elements of human language?
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phoneme, morpheme, phonological rules, grammar, morphological rules, syntactical rules
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What is a phoneme?
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smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise
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What are morphemes?
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the smallest meaningful units of language. there are content morphemes and function morphemes
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What are phonological rules?
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A set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds
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What are morphological rules?
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A set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words
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What is grammar?
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A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages
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What is the behaviorist explanation of language development?
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operant conditioning, learn to talk through reinforcement, shaping, and extinction
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What is the nativist explantion of language development?
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language acquisition device, wired to learn grammar
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What is the interactionist explanation of language development?
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innate biological capacity for language combines with environmental experience
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What are four basic properties of consciousness?
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intentionality, unity, selectivity, and transience
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What is freudian unconsciousness?
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dynamic unconscious - an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest insticts and desires, and the persons inner struggle to control these forces
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What is associated with damage to front part of left temporal lobe?
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difficulty identifying humans
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What is associated with damage to lower left temporal lobe?
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trouble identifying animals
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What is associated with damage where temporal and occipital lobes meet?
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trouble naming tools
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What is the hypnagogic state?
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between being awake and falling asleep. when some people experience visual or auditory hallucination
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What are the effects of alcohol use?
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cns Depressant
Depression of inhibitory control vasodilation, warm, flushed, red skin Emotional outbursts Decreased memory and concentration Poor judgment Decreased reflexes Decreased sexual response |
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What are the alcohol withdrawal effects?
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tremor, nausea, irritability, agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, seizures, hallucinations
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What are benzodiazepines used for?
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sedative-hypnotics
muscle relaxants anticonvulsants alcohol withdrawal anxiety disorders agitation control nocturnal myoclonus tic douloureux tetanus cerebral malaria chloroquine toxicity maternal eclampsia |
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What class of drugs do cocaine, amphetamines, and methylphenidate fit into?
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psychostimulants
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What is crack?
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cocaine base that has not been neutralized by an acid to made the salt. Comes in rock crystal that is heated to produce vapors that are smoked.
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Does marijuana produce excitatory or sedative effects?
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both
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What is THC?
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the active psychoactive ingredient in marijuana and hashish
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What is a good sign that a patient is undergoing opiate withdrawal?
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dilated pupils
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What is psilocybin?
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magic mushroom
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What is mescaline?
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psychedelic used in in indian rituals
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