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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Instrumental conditioning
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Process whereby organisms learn to make reposes in order to obtain or avoid certain consequences.
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Discrete trials
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Thorndike's procedure: experimenter defined the beginning and end of each trial.
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Skinner box
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a trough in one wall through which food could be delivered automatically.
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Fee operant paradigm
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meaning that the animal could operate the apparatus freely, whenever it choses.
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Reinforcement
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behavior that increase the probability of that behavior
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Punishment
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process of providing consequences for a behavior
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Discriminative stimuli
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stimuli that signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome.
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Shaping
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successive approximations to the desired response are reinforced.
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Chaining
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organisms are gradually trained to execute complicated sequences of discrete responses.
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Reinforcer
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consequence of behavior that leads to increased likelihood of that behavior in the future.
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Primary reinforcers
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examples: food, water, sleep, sex
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Drive Reduction theory
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Clark Hull: organisms have innate drives to obtain primary reinforcers and that learning reflects the innate, biological need to reduce these drives.
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Secondary Reinforcers
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initially have no intrinsic value, but that have been paired with primary reinforcers.
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Positive reinforcement
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response causes the reinforcer to be added to the environment
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Positive Punishment
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response must be withheld
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Negative reinforcement
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something is subtracted from the environment
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Negative Punishment
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something is subtracted from the environment and this punishes the behavior
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Continuous reinforcement
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each response is always followed by the consequence
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fixed ratio
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fixed number of responses must be made before a reinforcer is delivered.
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Fixed interval
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reinforces the first response after a fixed amount of time
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Variable ration
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produces reinforcement after every # responses, on average
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variable interval
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reinforces the first response after an interval that averages a particular length of time
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Limbic system
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amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, frontal lobe, cingulate cortex
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Amygdala
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small almond shaped structure that lies at the anterior tip of the hippocampus.
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