Psy 2510 Exam 2

Front 1

Groups

Back 1

2 or more people perceived as having at least 1: direct interaction over a period of time; joint membership in a social category; a shared common fate, identity, or set of goals

Front 2

Ingroup

Back 2

Groups we identify with

Front 3

Outgroup

Back 3

Groups we do not identify with

Front 4

Stereotypes

Back 4

Any BELIEF that associate people with certain traits based on their social group (Cognitions)

Front 5

Prejudice

Back 5

Negative FEELINGS based on others' social group (Affect)

Front 6

Discrimination

Back 6

Negative BEHAVIORS directed against persons because of their social group (Behavior)

Front 7

General Category Formation

Back 7

Classify objects into groups based on common attributes

Front 8

Stereotype Formation

Back 8

Classify people into groups based on common attributes

Front 9

Stereotype Functionality

Back 9

Allow us to quickly form impressions of others, and use past experience to guide new interactions. (Flexible starting point rather than a blank slate)

Front 10

Stereotype Dysfunctions

Back 10

Stereotypes are almost always overgeneralized; can be inaccurate; and difficult to change.

Front 11

Confirmation Bias

Back 11

When we assume that individual instances which support a stereotype "prove the rule" (Our bias is confirmed by individual instances). Then, ambiguous behaviors are interpreted to be consistent with the bias.

Front 12

Self-fulfilling Prophecies

Back 12

A prediction that becomes true due to ones behavior about the prediction. Ex.) Teachers believe students are stupid, and treat them as such. Students do worse on the exams because they don't have an enriching environment.

Front 13

Stereotype-Affirming Attributions

Back 13

Consistent behaviors become personal attributions, while inconsistencies become situational attributions. These affirm stereotypes.

Front 14

Subtyping

Back 14

When a person disconfirms a stereotype, we consider them a special "type" of those people.

Front 15

Stereotype Activation

Back 15

Activated or not activated based on cognitive, motivational, cultural, and personal factors.

Front 16

Cognitive SA Factors

Back 16

Increases when stereotype is accessible (due to priming?) and/or when one is mentally tired.

Decreases when there is counterstereotype exposure, and/or has personal information.

Front 17

Motivational SA Factors

Back 17

Increase activation; want to make quick inferences or to feel superior

Decrease activation; want to avoid prejudice, be fair

Front 18

Cultural SA Factors

Back 18

Increase activation with common norms and values - accept the stereotype

Decrease activation with uncommon norms and values - opposed to the stereotype

Front 19

Personal SA Factors

Back 19

Increases activation - Endorsing stereotypes, highly prejudiced

Decreases activation - Disagree with stereotypes, low prejudice

Front 20

Stereotype Inhibition

Back 20

Inhibiting a stereotype - it requires both motivation and self-regulation

Front 21

External Motivation

Back 21

Desire not to appear prejudiced

Front 22

Internal Motivation

Back 22

Desire not to be prejudiced (Inhibition easier here)

Front 23

Self-Regulation

Back 23

We are less able to inhibit when you recently exerted self-control

Front 24

Diallo Case Study

Back 24

Police shot unarmed black man 41 times after reaching for his wallet

Front 25

Payne's Weapon Identification Task Studies

Back 25

[College study] A test; when a face flashes, one must identify an object as weapon or tool as quickly as possible. People were more likely to select weapon when a black face appeared before.

Front 26

Correll's Shooter Studies

Back 26

Do/not shoot person as quickly as you can based on whether they do/not have a weapon.

Front 27

Differences

Back 27

One can be prejudiced without discriminating, and vice versa.

Front 28

Sexism

Back 28

Prejudice and discrimination based on gender

Front 29

Ambivalent Sexism

Back 29

Sexism involving both positive and negative attitudes toward women (They do well in the kitchen v. They are dumber than males)

Front 30

Hostile Sexism

Back 30

Negative, resentful feelings about women's abilities, values and ability to challenge men's power. [Women can believe this too]

Front 31

Benevolent Sexism

Back 31

Affectionate, chivalrous, but potentially patronizing feelings of women needing and deserving protection. [Women can believe this too]

Front 32

Racism

Back 32

Prejudice and discrimination based on one's ethnic background.

Front 33

Ageism

Back 33

Prejudice and discrimination based on age.

Front 34

Classism

Back 34

Prejudice/discrimination based on income; can be both high and low

Front 35

Sizeism

Back 35

Prejudice/discrimination based on body size: height or weight.

Front 36

Modern Racism

Back 36

A subtle form of racism - belief that it's safe, socially acceptable or easy to rationalize racist jokes/actions.

Front 37

Ableism

Back 37

Prejudice and discrimination based on any form of disability.

Front 38

Nativism

Back 38

Prejudice and discrimination based on being an immigrant

Front 39

Sexual Orientation Stereotype

Back 39

Prejudice and discrimination based on any sexual preference

Front 40

Religious Affiliation Stereotype

Back 40

Prejudice and discrimination based on any religious beliefs

Front 41

Competition

Back 41

The simplest explanation for many intergroup conflicts - too competitive. (Robbers Cave Study - Boy's camp)

Front 42

Robbers Cave Study

Back 42

2 boy camps, got super competitive. Hostility only eliminated through superordinate goals - they had to work together to solve both of their goals.

Front 43

Realistic Conflict Theory

Back 43

Direct competition for limited resources creates intergroup conflict. The loser is left feeling frustrated and resentful, while the winner is left feeling threatened and protective

Front 44

Relative Deprivation

Back 44

The real/imagined BELIEF that your group is faring poorly compared to others.

Front 45

Social Identity Theory

Back 45

Positive social identity is a source of self-esteem; Can lead to exaggerated perceptions of both within group similarities and between group dissimilarities.

Front 46

Paradoxical Effects - Crocker's Study

Back 46

Black participants completed self questionnaire - when white person couldn't see them, got normal results. When they could see them and got negative feedback, no influence. When they got positive feedback, self-esteem went down, because they thought the white person was lying.

Front 47

Stereotype threat

Back 47

Fear of being evaluated based on a stereotype; The stereotype hangs in the air while the person is in a stereotype-relevant situation. Only occurs if the stereotype is activated.

Front 48

Reducing Stereotype Threat

Back 48

Remind participants of things about themselves that make them feel good; Blur boundaries between groups; Use humor to cope with threat; Simply learn about the stereotype threat.

Front 49

Contact Hypothesis

Back 49

Thought that putting rivals together would decrease SPD, but it only works when: There is equal status, there is interaction and cooperation between groups, and social norms favor this interaction.