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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which naturalist, philosopher studied the basics of human behavior: emotion, motivation, and perception?
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Aristotle
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Which German philosopher, teacher, and physiologist founded the first psychology laboratory and defined psychology as "the science of mental life". While also studying sensations, feelings, and thoughts?
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William Wundt
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Which physiologist/researcher, studied the digestive system in dogs, won the first nobel prize for Russia, and spent his last 30 years studying learning?
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Ivan Pavlov
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Which Victorian era physician studied early childhood experiences as an influence on later life, and created the five stage theory of psychosexual development?
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Sigmund Freud
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Which American physician, philosopher, educator wrote Principle of Psychology in 1890, espoused pragmatism, and offered the first course in psychology in the U.S. (which helped gained notice)?
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William James
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Who redefined psychology becoming "the study of observable behavior", became known as behaviorists, and conducted "Little Albert" study (B.F. Skinner followed with the Skinner Box and dismissed any introspection)?
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John Watson
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Which Swiss biologist/French psychologist studied children's thinking and logic, helped create intelligence tests for children, and created the four stage theory of cognitive development?
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Jean Piaget
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Who associated with humanistic psychology had a gentler approach than Freudian believing environment and human potential effected all of life, and believed love and acceptance are vital to a healthy life?
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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Which psychology is when mental processes became famous for psychology, studied how mind interprets and retains information; how the mind works, helped to redefine psychology, and an emerging field of cognitive neuroscience?
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Cognitive Psychology
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Which psychology studies both internal processes and external behavior, behavior is observable, and mental processes are internal and subjective?
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Contemporary Psychology
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What is "the science of behavior and mental processes"?
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The current definition
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What is the biggest issue in psychology?
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Nature vs. Nurture
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What explains behavior from different viewpoints, bio-psycho-social approach is one of them, and everything is connected to everything else?
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Nature vs. Nurture
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Which perspective involves the brain's wiring and perspective?
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Neuroscience
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Which perspective involves survival of the species?
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Evolutionary
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Which perspective involves genes effect on behavior?
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Behavior Genetics
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Which perspective involves unconscious drives?
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Psychodynamic
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Which perspective involves external cause and effect?
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Behavioral
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Which perspective involves the brain's interpretation of events?
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Cognitive
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Which perspective involves a societal and cultural impact?
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Social-Cultural
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When each field studies it's own area to build knowledge base, is referred to as?
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Basic Research
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What applies knowledge to specific situation?
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Applied Research
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What helps you cope with life's challenges and improve?
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Counseling Psychology
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What can assess and treats disorders?
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Clinical Psychology
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Which medical doctors can prescribe medicine; also often do counseling?
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Psychiatrists
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What is 20/20, "I knew it all along", referred to as?
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Hindsight Bias
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What is it when we think we know more than we do, and both cause us to overestimate our intuition?
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Overconfidence
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What is it when curiosity and humility can lead to critical thinking?
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Scientific Attitude
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Open-minded, Identify biases and assumptions, Attitude of skepticism, Facts from opinions, Don't over simplify, Use logical inference, and Review all evidence, describes what?
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Critical thinking
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What is an explanation that organizes and predicts observations?
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Theory
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What is a testable prediction?
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Hypothesis
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What is a statement of the procedures used to define the research variables?
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Operational Definition
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What does it mean to repeat?
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Replicate
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What describes behavior?
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Descriptive Techniques
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What is the study of one or more people in great depth?
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Case behavior
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What is the study of more people but not as in depth?
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Survey
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What is it when you watch and record behavior in natural environment?
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Naturalistic Observation
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What shows how closely two items are related?
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Correlational Technique
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What is a statistical measure?
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Correlation Coefficient
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What does the coefficient range from?
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+1 to -1 (indicates the type of relationship)
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What means there is a direct relationship: they go the same direction?
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+
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What means there is a inverse relationship: they go opposite directions?
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-
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What is it when one event happens the other will happen in the same direction and to the same degree?
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Perfect positive correlation
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What is it when one event happens the other will happen in the opposite direction and in the same degree?
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Perfect negative correlation
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Knowing that two things are related does not prove?
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Causation
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What is the condition that exposes conditions to the treatment?
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Experimental Condition
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What is the condition that contrasts with the experimental condition (they both contrast)?
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Control Condition
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What is it called when everybody has an equal chance in participating in every group?
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Random Assignment
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What is the factor that is being manipulated?
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Independent Variable
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What is the factor that is being measured?
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Dependent Variable
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An experiment has at least two conditions and?
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At least one dependent variable
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What are nerve cells that are comprised of a cell body and fibers?
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Neurons
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What is the short bushy part of a nerve cell that receives information (listen)?
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Dendrites
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What is the long part of a nerve cell that sends information (speak)?
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Axons
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What is a neural impulse or electrical charge that travels down an axon, and can be slow or fast?
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Action Potential
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What can signals be?
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Excitatory or Inhibitory
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What speeds up neural activity?
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Excitatory
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What slows down neural activity?
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Inhibitory
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What is the minimum level of stimulation?
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Threshold
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What happens if this is exceeded and there is a response? (An all-or-nothing response that either happens or it doesn't)
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Action Potential
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What is a place where the the two neurons meet?
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Synapse
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What is the gap in between the two neurons?
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Synaptic Gap
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What shows how we get information from one neuron to another (chemical messengers)?
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Neurotransmitters
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What is it when the sending neuron reobsorbs the neurotransmitters from the receiving neuron?
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Reuptake
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Which neurons take information from the body's tissues and takes it to the brain and spinal cord?
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Sensory neurons
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Which neurons are used by the central nervous system, and takes information to the body's tissues?
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Motor neurons
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Which neurons process the information within the central nervous system, and decide where to send it to?
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Interneurons
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Which system includes the brain, and spinal cord (spinal column)?
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Central nervous system
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What connects the central nervous system to the rest of your body and has two other parts (somatic/autonomic)?
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Peripheral nervous system
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What is the voluntary control under skeletal message?
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Somatic
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What controls the glands and muscles of our internal organs?
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Autonomic
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What is it when you sense your in danger; it gives you a boost of adrenaline (fight or flight)?
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Sympathetic
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What is it when after the sympathetic; it calms the body down and returns it back to normal?
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Parasympathetic
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In which system are the chemical messengers called hormones, and is considered slow?
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Endocrine System
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What effects growth (release of hormones) controlled by the hypothalamus (brain)?
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Pituitary Gland (Master Endocrine Gland)
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What controls heartbeat and breathing?
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Medula
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What is located at the top of the brainstem (switchboard for all sensory information); except smell?
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Thalamus
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What is the inside of the brainstem that receives some information as it goes to the thalamus, and filters information it receives, and sends to other brain parts?
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Reticular Formation
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What is baseball sized, extends from the back of the brainstem, and processes sensory input/coordinates movement?
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Cerebellum
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What is one of the brain's oldest parts that sits between the brain's two hemispheres, deals with emotions/memory formation, and has two parts: amygdala and hypothalamus?
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Limbic System
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What influences aggression and fear, and processes emotional memories?
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Amygdala
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What helps with bodily maintenance (hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sex), and helps our body to maintain a steady balance state?
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Hypothalamus
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What has a thin-layer of interconnected neural cells, larger mammals have larger ones, therefore, a greater capacity to think and learn, and has four parts?
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Cerebral Cortex
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What is behind the forehead, and involves speaking, planning, and judging?
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Frontal Lobes
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What is located to the top and to the rear of the brain, and involves touch and body position?
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Parietal Lobes
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What is located at the back of the head and involves vision?
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Occipital Lobes
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What is located just before the ears and involves auditory stimuli?
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Temporal Lobes
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What creates new neurons, and sleeping, exercising, and stimulating environments help create new neurons?
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Neurogenesis
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What is a band of fibers connecting two halves of your brain, can sever these fibers and individuals will be okay (split brain condition), and has left/right brain differences?
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Corpus Callosum
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What involves calculation, process language, and is logical, analytical, and objective?
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Left brain functions
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What involves perception, making references, a sense in self, and more intuitive and subjective?
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Right brain functions
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What is the awareness of ourselves and our environment?
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Consciousness
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What is the conscious/unconscious process that makes sense of the information being given?
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Dual Processing
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What involves conscious processing; more deliberate (left brain activity)?
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Explicit
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What is automatic, uses the right brain, involves unconscious processing, and is difficult to turn off?
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Implicit
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What is considered inattentive; when failing to see something because our attention is elsewhere?
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Inattentive blindness
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What is it when we fail to notice a change in the environment because we are focused on something else?
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Change blindness
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What is the focusing of our conscious awareness on a particular stimuli?
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Selective Attention
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When hearing one voice among many is?
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Cocktail Party Effect
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What is our biological clock that operates on a 24-hour cycle (we are at our best in our peak)?
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Circadian Rhythm
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What are early or night people considered, and is genetically based?
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Larks or Owls
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What resets our circadian rhythm?
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Bright lights
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What involves the sensations of falling (jerking), or floating (slow breathing/irregular brainwaves)?
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Stage 1: Hypogogic Sensations
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What involves a spike in brainwave activity at the top; relax more deeply; stay for about 20 min, clearly asleep, sleep talking, and about half of your night in this stage?
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Stage 2: Sleep Spindles
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What is stage 3?
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Stage 3: Transitional
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What is about 30 min, hard to awaken from this stage and at the end is when someone wets the bed, or sleep walks?
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Stage 4: 3 & 4 have Delta Wave/Slow Wave Sleep (Deep Sleep: 4)
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What is also known as paradoxical sleep, happens every 20-30 sec, and you spend 10 min in this stage?
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REM: Rapid Eye Movement (5th Stage)
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Which stage becomes briefer every time you go through it?
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Stage 4
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How often do you cycle in and out of stages?
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Every 90-100 min
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What are persistent problems in falling or staying asleep?
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Insomnia
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What is considered periodic overwhelming sleepiness (5-10 min)?
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Narcolepsy
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What is it when one every so often stops breathing during sleep?
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Sleep Apnea
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What happens in younger children, can be outgrown, and don't remember what happens?
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Night Terrors
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What is a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur?
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Hypnosis
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What is considered a temporary memory loss reported by the subjects; subjects are sometimes able to recall?
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Posthypnotic Amnesia
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Why does hypnosis work?
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Subjects are open to suggestions
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What are chemicals that change perception and mood (caffeine, nicotine, alcohol)?
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Psychoactive Drugs
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What happens with repeated use of a drug; larger doses are required to get the same effect?
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Tolerance
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What is your body's response to the drugs absence; can be physical and psychological?
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Withdrawal
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What slows down your neural activity?
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Depressants
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What speeds up your neural responses and activity; excites you?
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Stimulants
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What distorts perceptions and cause you to hallucinate?
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Hallucinogens
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(Depressant) What is also included with alcohol?
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Beer, Wine, Liquor
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(Depressant) What is also included with barbiturates (tranquilizers)?
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Vicodin, Valium, Nembural, Seconal
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(Depressant) What is also included with opiates?
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Opium, Morphine, Heroine
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(Stimulant) What is also included with stimulants?
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Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine, Crack
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(Hallucinogens) What is also included with hallucinogens?
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Marijuana, LSD
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Which phase of LSD is when simple geometric forms such as lattice, cob web, or spiral form?
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Phase 1
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Which phase of LSD is when images may be superimposed (tunnel or funnel), and may replay fast emotional experiences?
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Phase 2
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Which phase of LSD is the peak, often feel separated from their bodies, dream-like scenes, and have near death experiences?
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Phase 3
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What are the 5 criteria made up of the addiction cycle?
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1. Withdrawal
2. Reinforcement 3. Tolerance 4. Dependence 5. Intoxication |
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(Brian Kelly) How long was Brian in a coma?
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11 months
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(Brian Kelly) What were the first 5 months called, where he was in the fetal position and unaware of anything?
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Dead coma
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(Brian Kelly) What was it considered once he opened his eyes, and they started straightening out his body (which caused him to be throbbing with pain at the end of each day)?
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Post coma
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(Brian Kelly) Once he spoke he was considered out of his post coma. What did they begin to start after this?
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Rehab therapies (learning to speak, walk, etc.)
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