Psy 233 Test One

Front 1

Five Goals for the personality theorist:

Back 1

1. Scientific
2. Systematic
3. Testable
4. Comprehensive
5. Applicable

Front 2

Bandwidth vs. fidelity?

Back 2

Bandwidth-- covers many diff things, fidelity is more focused

Front 3

Four issues difficult to reconcile?

Back 3

Human universals
Group differences
Individual differences
Individual uniqueness

Front 4

Personality structure is...
/common units of analysis..

Back 4

the stable enduring aspects of personality.
....traits, types

Front 5

Personality process is...

Back 5

psychological reactions that change dynamically

Front 6

Temperament is....

Back 6

biologically based emotional and behavioral tendencies

Front 7

Personality is consistent within situations, not across situations.

Back 7

With consistency, act same throughout different classes. Inconsistency would be in one class be totally different.

Front 8

Which theory suggests we are prisoners of out past ?

Back 8

Psychoanalytic theory.

Front 9

Theories serve three key functions. They are:

Back 9

1. Organize existing info
2. Generate new knowledge
3. Identify issues that deserve to be studied

Front 10

LOTS of data, stands for? Meanings of each?

Back 10

L-Data=info that can be determined from a persons life record(google)
O-Data=info provided by knowledgeable observers
T-Data=info obtained from experimental procedures or standardized tests.
S-Data=info provided by the individual (questionnaires)

Front 11

Problems with self-report data? (S-data)

Back 11

-Unaware of their feelings
-Motivated (subconsciously or not) to answer a certain way
-Influenced by the phrasing and order of questions

Front 12

Fixed/nomothetic vs. Flexible/idiographic measures?

Back 12

Fixed--the same measure administered to all participants in exactly same way/scores

Flexible- unconstructed personality measure. (long answers)

Front 13

Reliability is?

Back 13

the extent to which observations can be repeated

Front 14

Validity is?

Back 14

The extent to which measurements reflect what is trying to be measured

Front 15

How does the ASA feel about deception ?

Back 15

-Can be used, but only if it is important enough research and theres no other way to answer it

Front 16

What is a case study? Is it idiographic or nomothetic?

Back 16

An in-depth analysis of an individual often a client in therapy

Idiographic measure.

Front 17

What is correlational research? Is it idiographic or nomothetic?

Back 17

Strategy that examines the relationship among variables in a large population of people

Front 18

What was found in the "nun study"?

Back 18

Nun's autobiographers coded by researchers, found positive correlation b/w positive emotional expression and length of life.

Front 19

What are "response styles"

Back 19

people may be biased to answer items in a way that has nothing to do with the content of the times

Front 20

What are 'demand characteristics"?

Back 20

In experimental research, when factors influence behavior that are not part of the design.

Front 21

Experimenter expectancy effects are when?

Back 21

Unintentionally lead subjects to behave in accordance with the hypothesis.

Front 22

Main point of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Back 22

Maximize pleasure, minimize pain.

Front 23

Free association is ...

Back 23

when the person being analyzed allows all his or her thoughts come forth without inhibition.

Front 24

Freud's view of mental energy- three ideas:

Back 24

1. There is limited amt of energy.
2. Energy cant be lost
3. Mind functions to maintain a state of energy equilibrium

Front 25

Hysteria is..

Back 25

an emotional disorder that manifests in physical systems.

Front 26

Catharsis is...

Back 26

a release and freeing of emotions by talking about one's problems.

Front 27

Preconscious ?

Back 27

Contains mental events of which we can easily become aware on if we concentrate on them.

Front 28

Manifest content?

Back 28

The story-line of a dream.

Front 29

Latent Content?

Back 29

unconscious thoughts and feelings as well as instinctual drives that underlie the manifest of the dream's story-line

Front 30

Perception without awareness? (subliminal perception)

Back 30

Can the person know something without knowing they know it?

(Eagles experiment with the duck picture)

Front 31

Perceptual defense?

Back 31

Process by which the individual defends against the anxiety that accompanies actual recognition of a threatening stimulus.

Front 32

Subliminal psychodynamic activation?

Back 32

Researchers stimulate unconscious wishes without making them conscious by presenting material that is related either to threatening or anxiety-relieving unconscious wishes and then observing participants’ reactions

Front 33

Pleasure principle

Back 33

pursue pleasure through the release of excitation and reduction of tension

Front 34

Primary process thinking

Back 34

language of unconscious. illogical / irrational

Front 35

Reality principle?

Back 35

gratification of instincts is delayed until an appropriate time when one is likely to maximize pleasure while minimizing painful negative consequences. balance of the two

ego.

Front 36

Secondary process thinking is?

Back 36

The language of the consciousness.

Front 37

The source of all psychic neergy lies in states of excitation within the body that seek expression and ..

Back 37

tension reduction.

Front 38

Life instinct?

Back 38

drives associated with the id. LIBIDO. Impels the person toward reproduction.

Front 39

Death instinct?

Back 39

Aim to die or return to inorganic state. CONTROVERSIAL.

Front 40

Anxiety?

Back 40

A painful emotion that represents a threat/danger

Front 41

What does anxiety emerge from?

Back 41

Conflict betwen id and superego

-past trauma.

Front 42

Defense mechanisms? Why do they form?

Back 42

Form from anxiety. Functions carried out by the ego to help cope with the socially unacceptable impulses of the id.

Front 43

Types of defense mechanisms?

Back 43

Denial
Projection
Isolation/undoing

Front 44

Describe the defense mechanism of denial. Is it bad or good?

Back 44

Block awareness of event. Can be good or bad, depending

Front 45

Describe defense mechanism of Projection. Newman, et al. research.

Back 45

People project their undesired psychological qualities onto others. (think of two negative traits, asked to repress one, saw video, named the person to be the one they were supposed to not think about)

Front 46

Defense mechanism of isolation? Result?

Back 46

-A thought or act is not denied access to consciousness, but is denied the accompanying emotion. (thoughts about strangling child) Result is intellectualization.

Front 47

Defense mechanism of undoing?

Back 47

An individual seeks to magically undo one act or wish with another
-step on crack break ur mother's back

Front 48

Defense mechanism of Reaction formation?

Back 48

the individual defends against expression of an unacceptable impulse by only recognizing and expressing its opposite

Front 49

Defense mechanism of Rationalization?

Back 49

A mature defense where behavior is reinterpreted so it appears reasonable and acceptable
(atrocities of humankind have been made in the name of love)

Front 50

Defense mechanism of Sublimation?

Back 50

-Original object of instinctual gratification is replaced by a higher sociocultural goal that is far removed from the direct expression of the . Id instinct is channeled toward an alternative, socially beneficial purpose (psychiatrist, boxer, butcher, surgeon)

Front 51

Major defense mechanism (Repression)?

Back 51

A thought, urge, or wish that is so traumatic and threatening it is buried in the unconscious, constant expenditure of energy .

Front 52

Weinberger' s research on repression showed that..?

Back 52

-People who report low anxiety and high social desirability tend to repress their anxieties

Front 53

The most significant aspects of adult personality are established by.....

Back 53

the end of the first 5-6 years of childhood.

Front 54

What is an erogenous zone?

Back 54

Each stage is characterized by a bodily source of gratification

Front 55

Psychosexual stages of development?

Back 55

-Oral, anal, phallic.

-phallic (4-5)

Front 56

Castration anxiety?

Back 56

Little boys scared may lose their penis, because notice girls don't have one.

Front 57

Oedipus complex?

Back 57

the fate of every boy is to kill his father and marry his mother
-The father becomes a rival for the mother’s affections

Front 58

Silverman's research on on Oedipus complex?

Back 58

beating dad is ok...higher dart throwing scores. (below level of consciousness)

Front 59

What is penis envy?

Back 59

Females realize they lack a penis and blame the mother. the female chooses the father, want to have a child by the father/

Front 60

Electra complex?

Back 60

choose the father as the love object and imagine that the lost organ will be restored symbolically by having a child with the father. idnetifies with same sex parent

Front 61

For boys, early attachment is or is not related to later life?
For girls?

Back 61

Boys-is related.
Girls- not at all.

Front 62

Projective tests? Defining feature?

Back 62

The person being assessed is asked to respond to unfamiliar and unclear stimuli
-The person will “project” aspects of his or her personality onto the stimulus in order to make sense of it

Front 63

how is the Rorschach Inkblot test interpreted?

Back 63

How the response is formed, reasons for response, and its content.

Front 64

What is the thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

Back 64

-Consists of cards depicting ambiguous scenes
-The examiner presents these ambiguous scenes and asks the respondent to write a story based on each
-Since scenes are ambiguous, the respondent’s personality is projected onto the stimuli (defenses are bypassed)
-Responses can be scored quantitatively according to Henry Murray’s needs and press or interpreted qualitatively in terms themes

Front 65

Why don't projective tests "work"?

Back 65

-Problems with inter-examiner reliability
-No guarantee that the respondent’s unconscious dynamics will manifest when confronted with ambiguous stimuli

Front 66

IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER, who used projective tests?

Back 66

Not Freud. -Freud did not develop or use projective tests- only free association
-Psychological assessment and prediction are not strengths of the psychodynamic tradition

Front 67

What is fixation?

Back 67

too much or too little gratification during a developmental stage that stops development (adult fixated in oral stage--smoke, eat, etc)

Front 68

What is regression?

Back 68

return to an earlier mode of instinctual gratification (often happens under conditions of stress---eat, smoke, etc)

Front 69

Oral Personality

Back 69

-Narcissistic
-No clear recognition of others as separate and valued entities
-Others seen in terms of what they can give (symbolic “feeding”)
-Always needing or demanding something

Front 70

Anal Personality

Back 70

rigid, striving for power and control, concerned with shoulds and oughts, concern with whether to submit or rebel.

Front 71

Phallic Personality (male and female)

Back 71

Male- hyper-masculinity, competitive, striving for success, macho, masculine
Female- naive, seductive, flirtatious, hyper-femininity

Front 72

Anal triad?

Back 72

Orderliness/cleanliness, parsimony/stinginess (interest in holding on to things), stubbornness

Front 73

Symptoms?

Back 73

express the unconscious conflict between a drive or wish (instinct) and the ego's sense (anxiety)

Front 74

-More than a simple recovery of memories is required to help people grow; clients need emotional insight into their unconscious wishes and conflicts

Back 74

yhea

Front 75

What is transference?

Back 75

client attitudes and feelings toward the therapist that are based on unresolved childhood experiences with parents

Front 76

What is transference neurosis?

Back 76

the client plays out unresolved conflicts within the therapeutic relationship

Front 77

Reasons transference works?

Back 77

1. Conflict is less intense than it was in childhood
2. The therapist assumes a diff. attitude and role than that of parents
3. more mature

Front 78

Adler's beliefs about why people do things?

Back 78

Greater focus on social urges and conscious thoughts.
-People consciously feel inferiority, and are motivated to compensate for these.

-How a person copes with inferiority becomes a distinctive dimension of his or her personality functioning

Front 79

Jung's beliefs ?

Back 79

Reinterprets libido behavior.

Struggle between persona and the shadow (private or personal self)
Struggle between the masculine and feminine aspects of ourselves (i.e., anima and animus)

Front 80

Collective Unconscious?

Back 80

Jung. -people ahve stored within their collective uncosnsicious the cumulative experineces of past generations

Front 81

Jung's idea of self?

Back 81

an aspect of the collective unconscious that serves as an organizing hub

Front 82

In self psychology, developmental experiences determine mental representations of oneself

Back 82

Object relations theorists believe that the central events of early childhood involve mental representations of the child’s relationships with others

Front 83

Narcissim?

Back 83

an investment of mental energy in the self

Front 84

Heinz Kohut and narcissism?

Back 84

all people seek self-development, control over self, and a positive self-image
-In healthy development, individuals respond to their own needs while being responsive to others needs
-However, if developmental experiences inhibit maturity, narcissism may become a predominant feature of personality
-Grandiose sense of self-importance
-Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success and power
-Lack of empathy (critical element)
-Vulnerability to blows to self-esteem

Front 85

Bowlby's attachment behavioral system (ABA)

Back 85

A stable bond that motives the infant to be close to a caregiver, especially when there is threat
The infant clings to the caregiver for comfort and security
As the infant gains a greater sense of security, the proximity of an adult attachment figure provides a secure base for exploring the environment


Infant-caregiver relations create internal working models (i.e., mental representations of self-other relationships)

Front 86

Secure attachment?

Back 86

sensitive to the departure of the caregiver, but greet the caregiver upon being reunited, are readily comforted, return to exploration and play

Front 87

Anxious-Avoidant attachment?

Back 87

little protest over separation from the caregiver and, upon return, show avoidance (e.g., turning, looking, moving away)

Front 88

Anxious-ambivalent attachment?

Back 88

difficulty separating from and reuniting with the caregiver (e.g., mixed pleas to be picked up with squirming and insistence to be let down)

Front 89

Hazan & Shaver's love quiz about attachment?

Back 89

Secure-- happiness, friendship, trust
-Anxious-avoidant--associated with fears of closeness, emotional highs and lows, and jealousy

Anxious-ambivalent style was associated with obsessive preoccupation with the loved person, a desire for union, and extreme sexual attraction

Front 90

Heinz Kohut and narcissism?

Back 90

all people seek self-development, control over self, and a positive self-image
-In healthy development, individuals respond to their own needs while being responsive to others needs
-However, if developmental experiences inhibit maturity, narcissism may become a predominant feature of personality
-Grandiose sense of self-importance
-Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success and power
-Lack of empathy (critical element)
-Vulnerability to blows to self-esteem

Front 91

Bowlby's attachment behavioral system (ABA)

Back 91

A stable bond that motives the infant to be close to a caregiver, especially when there is threat
The infant clings to the caregiver for comfort and security
As the infant gains a greater sense of security, the proximity of an adult attachment figure provides a secure base for exploring the environment


Infant-caregiver relations create internal working models (i.e., mental representations of self-other relationships)

Front 92

Secure attachment?

Back 92

sensitive to the departure of the caregiver, but greet the caregiver upon being reunited, are readily comforted, return to exploration and play

Front 93

Anxious-Avoidant attachment?

Back 93

little protest over separation from the caregiver and, upon return, show avoidance (e.g., turning, looking, moving away)

Front 94

Anxious-ambivalent attachment?

Back 94

difficulty separating from and reuniting with the caregiver (e.g., mixed pleas to be picked up with squirming and insistence to be let down)

Front 95

Hazan & Shaver's love quiz about attachment?

Back 95

Secure-- happiness, friendship, trust
-Anxious-avoidant--associated with fears of closeness, emotional highs and lows, and jealousy

Anxious-ambivalent style was associated with obsessive preoccupation with the loved person, a desire for union, and extreme sexual attraction