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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
JEAN-JACQUES ROSSEAU
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- believed infants, children, adolescents, and young adults demonstrated unique behavior during distinct developmental phases
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PLATO & ARISTOTLE
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- discovered distinct periods of development
- based on reasoning ability and self-determination |
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FREUD
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- first to account for stages in childhood and to suggest and come up with predictable age periods for these distinct changes
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ID
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- a reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motive to avoid pain and obtain pleasure
- Contains competing life instincts - fueled by psychic energy (libido) and the death or aggressive instincts. |
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EGO
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- acts as a referee between the needs of instinct and the demads of society
- bows to the realities of life (sublimation) |
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SUPEREGO
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- represents morality, the rules of parents and society, the power of authority
- includes conscience |
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LATENCY STAGE
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- 6 years to puberty
- Sexual desire diminishes and attention turns to development of talents and skills - Play with same sex peers and avoid opposite sex peers. |
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GENITAL STAGE
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- Puberty through adulthood
- Concerns are with maturation of adult sexual interests - Sexual desires remerge - If successfully resolved phalic stage, sexual interests turn to heterosexual relationships - Also see maturity in a broad sense - loving and working |
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CRITICISMS OF FREUD'S WORK
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- over generalize
lack of empirical verification closedness of ideas - overemphasis of sexuality - question effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment - poor view of female sexuality |
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G. STANLEY HALL
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- father of psychology
- first systematic recognition/modeling in modern times of puberty to young adulthood as a distinct stage in the life cycle. - negative view on adolescence (very stressful time) - beginning of adult view on sex - used a biological method - advocate of Freud's psychoanalysis but not openly after 1911 |
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HALL RECAPITULATION THEORY
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- every human being passes through all the stages of the species' evolution in his personal development
- ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny - "Darwin of the mind" |
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MARGARET MEAD
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- Sociocultural influenced development more than genetics
- Samoa girl- adolescence wasn't as difficult fot the Samoan girl as the U.S. girl - early childhood breaks or makes experiences and behaviors in adolescence. |
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FURTHER CHANGES IN THE 20th CENTURY
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- declines in adolescent apprenticeships
- increase in skill and educationa requirements - urbanization and separation of work and hoome life- adolescents in the suburbs develop less quickly then children in the city - creation of age-segregated systems for education and socialization - Restrictions on drinking, voting, and working due to age |
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STEREOTYPE
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- a broad category that reflects our impressions and beliefs about people.
- Refers to an image of what the typical member of a particular group is like |
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ADOLESCENT GENERALIZATION GAP
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- Adelson's concept of widespread generalizations about adolescents based on information about a limited, highly visible group of adolescents.
- MTV |
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BENEFITS OF ACTIVITIES
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- participation in activities and organizations bring high levels of intrinsic motivation and concentration
- development of sophisticated cognitive and social responses - must show initiative to succeed - learn about body |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF BENEFICIAL ACTIVITIES
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- adult participation and guidance (must facilitate initiative)
- organizational activities take place in real-world environments - support a variety of activities over time - voluntary activities |
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CONTEXTS
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- the settings in which development occurs; influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
- context of environment determines how we adapt to it - experience is different in different areas |
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SOCIAL POLICY
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- a national government's course of action designed to influence the welfare of its citizens
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GENERATIONAL INEQUITY
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- the unfair treatment of younger members of an aging society in which older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources
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NATIONAL POLICY FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES GUIDELINES
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- an adequate income through employment and benefits
- Flexible work schedules - a system of support - service system with federal guidelines (social security will expand stages so late adulthood will begin later) - research foundation developing effective programs - care for children's health - appropriate legal protection for children supporting intact families - "economic safety net" |
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BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
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- physical changes within an individuals body
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COGNITIVE PROCESSES
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- changes in thinking and intelligence
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SOCIOCULTURAL PROCESSES
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- changes in relationships, emotions, personality, and social contexts
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DEVELOPMENTAL TRANSITIONS
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- childhood to adolescence
- adolescence to adulthood |
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EXAMPLES OF DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES
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- growth spurts, hormonal changes, and sexual maturation
- changes in abstract, idealistic, and logical thinking - demands for intellectual challenge - shifts toward egocentrism and cravings for independence - quests for affilative peers - cravings for increased intimacy with friends and romantic partners - demonstrations of self repsonsibility both personally and financially |
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NATURE
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- organisms biological inheritance
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NURTURE
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- environmental experience
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CONTINUITY
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- gradual cumulative change
- ex: growth of seedling into a gigantic tree |
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DISCONTINUITY
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- distinct stages
- ex: caterpilar builds a chrysalis around itself, only to emerge into a butterfly |
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EARLY-LATER EXPERIENCE ISSUE
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- which is the key determinant of development
- most people agree that early experience is most critical because brain cells are developing - Later experience is also important because adults can make life altering changes |
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HOW ADOLESCENTS UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES
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- abstraction and idealism
- differentiation; fluctuating - Contradictions- smoke eve though they know its unhealthy - Real vs. ideal (T vs. F) - Social Comparison, Self- consciousness - Self protection - Unconscious self - Self integration |
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POSSIBLE SELF
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- ideal or imagined self
- what they might become, what they want to become, and what they are afraid of becoming |
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SELF ESTEEM
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- Global dimension
- self worth and self image - fluctuates across the lifespan |
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SELF CONCEPT
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- domain specific
- physical domains is the most popular - feel good about academic performance but bad about your athletic performance |
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POSITIVE SELF ESTEEM
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- gives directives or commands
- uses voice appropriate for situation - expresses opinions - sits with others during social activities - works cooperatively - faces others when speaking or being spoken too - maintains eye contact - initiates friendly contact - maintains comfortable personsal space - has little hesitation in speech |
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NEGATIVE SELF ESTEEM
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- puts others down
- uese dramatic gestures - engages in inappropriate touching or avoids physical contact - gives excuses for failures - glances around to monitor others - brags excessively - verbally puts self dow; self deprecation - speaks too loudly, abruptly, or in a dogmatic tone - does not express views or opinions - assumes a submissive stance |
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HOW TO IMPROVE SELF-ESTEEM
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- Determine what is causing the low self esteem and what actual domains are important to the individual
- Build support and gain social approval - Achieve goals - Cope with problems |
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ERIKSON
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- stages continue on longer than Freud's stages do
- personality and role experimentations - identiy is a self portrait composed of many pieces |
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IDENTITY VS. IDENTITY CONFUSION
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- 10 to 20 years
- individuals are faced with deciding who they are - what they are all about - and where the are going in life |
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PSYCHOSOCIAL MORATORIUM
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- Erikson
- gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration |
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COMPOSITION OF IDENTITY
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- career and work path a person wants to follow
- whether a person is politically conservative, liberal, or moderate - spiritual beliefs - relationship status - motivation/intellect - sexual orientation |
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JAMES MARCIA
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- wasn't focused on the stage itself
- Adolescent was characterized by crisis |
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CRISIS
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- a period of identity development during which the adolescent is choosing among meaningful alternatives
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COMMITMENT
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- the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do
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IDENTITY DIFFUSION
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- the state adolescents are in when they have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments
- no crisis or commitment |
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IDENTITY FORECLOSURE
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- state adolescents are in when they have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis
- Commitment but no crisis |
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IDENTITY MORATORIUM
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- state of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis but who have not made a clear commitment to identity
- crisis but no commitment |
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IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT
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- an adolescent who has undergone a crisis and made a commitment
- Crisis and commitment |
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JEAN PIAGET
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- worked with genetic epistemology- the study of the ways we solve problems as a function of our developmental level
- our ways of solving problems change as we mature - the progression to the next cognitive stage was based on the successful completion of the previous one |
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SCHEMA
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- a concept or framework that exists in the individual's mind to organize and interpret info
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ASSIMILATION
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- the incorporation of new info into existing knowledge
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ACCOMODATION
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- an adjustment to new info, causing the schema to change
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EQUILIBRATION
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- when adolescents experience cotnitive conflict, they resolve conflict to reach a balance
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CONCRETE OPERATIONS
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- age 7-11
- logical reasoning replaces intuitive thought as long as reasoning can be applied to concrete examples - conservation task - adolescence is the struggle from concrete operations to formal operations |
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FORMAL OPERATIONS
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- emerging at age 11-15
- Abstract- solve algebraic equations - Idealistic- think about ideal characteristics of the world, others, and themselves - Logical- hypothetical deductive reasoning |
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VYGOTSKY
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- contextual perspective
- zone of proximal development - scaffolding - cognitive apprenticeship - tutoring - cooperative learning - reciprocal teaching |
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ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
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- individual skill range being developed to its full potential
- gap between what a child is able to do and what they are not quite ready to acomplish themselves |
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INFORMATION PROCESSING VIEW
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- decision making
- critical thinking - creative thinking - metacognition and self regulatory learning |
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CRITICAL THINKING
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- thinking reflexively and productively and evaluating the evidence
- evaluate evidence unbiasly |
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CREATIVITY
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- the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems
- take an old solution to a new problem |
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CONVERGENT THINKING
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- a pattern of thinking in which individuals produce one correct answer
- Characteristic of the items on conventional intelligence tests |
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DIVERGENT THINKING
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- a pattern of thinking in which individuals produce many answers to the same question
- more characteristic of convergent thinking |
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METACOGNITION
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- cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing
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SELF-REGULATORY LEARNING
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- Consists of self generation and self monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to reach a goal
- learning to be aware of emotions |
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THE PSYCHOMETRIC INTELLIGENCE VIEW
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- intelligence is a set of skills that are looked at in a society as important and has been mastered
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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
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- form of social intelligence
- involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this info to guide one's thinking and action |
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EMPATHY
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- reacting to another's feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other's response
- Self-awareness- vision, values, beliefs - self management- self motivation and self regulation - awareness of others- understanding - relationship management- knowledge and sksills |
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ADOLESCENT EGOCENTRISM
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- social cognition
- heightened self-consciousness of adolescents - reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, and in their sense of personal uniqueness |
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PERSONAL FABLE
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- social cognition
- the part of adolescent egocentrism involving an adolescent's sense of uniqueness |
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PERSPECTIVE TAKING
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- the ability to assume another person's perspective and understand his or her thoughts and feelings
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MORAL DEVELOPMENT
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- learn moral behavior by becoming less ignorant
- involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of righ and wrong - Kohlberg- different types of reasoning |
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PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING
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- heteronomous morality
- individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange - guided by external beliefs |
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CONVENTIONAL REASONING
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- mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, interpersonal conformity
- social systems morality - between guided by external beliefs and internal beliefs - very black and white |
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POSTCONVENTIONAL REASONING
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- social contract or utility and individual rights
- universal ethical principles - thhe abstract ability to understand morality as a social context - would steel drugs because they are guided by internal beliefs that they need them to save their grandma's life |
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SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
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- Moral competence- the ability to produce moral behaviors
- Moral Performance- performing those behaviors in specific situations |
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PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
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- Altruism- unselfish interest in helping another person
- forgiveness- occurs when an injured person releases the injurer from possible retaliation |
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PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
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- Ego ideal- the component of the superego that involves standards approved by the parents (emphasizes early experience more than late experience)
- Conscience- the component of the superego that involves behaviors disapproved by the parents |
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TYPES OF DISCIPLINE
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- love withdrawal- a parent removes attention from the adolescent
- Power assertion- parent attempts to control the adolescent's recourses - Induction- a discipline technique in which a perent uses reason and explanation of the consequences of the adolesncent's actions |
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PARENTS OF MORAL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
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- use inductive discipline
- involve children in family decisions - stimulate adolescents to question moral reasonign |
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VALUES
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- beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be
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FAMILY SYSTEM
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- The marital relationship, parenting, and child behavior and development all play a role on each other
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PARENTS AS MANAGERS
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- managers of the children's opportunities
- monitors of social relationships - social initiators and arrangers - later adolescence forces parents to become less like managers but still there for guidance |
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PARENTING ROLES
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- mothers role- more involved than fathers
- fathers role- new role as active, nurturant caregiver - Coparenting- easier when mother and father cooperate |
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INDIVIDUALITY
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- consists of
1) Self-assertion- ability to have and communicate a point of view 2) Separateness, expressing how one is different from others |
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CONNECTEDNESS
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- consists of
1) Mutuality- sensitivity to and respect for others' views 2) Permeabilty- openess to others views |
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RECIPROCAL SOCIALIZATION
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- the process by which children and adolescents socialize parents, just as parents socialize them
- the role parents play |
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SYNCHRONY
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- the carefully coordinated interaction between parent and child or adolescent in which they are, often unknowingly, attuned to each other's behavior
- the parent and adolescent are aware of each others emotions |
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AUTHORITATIVE
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- accepting, responsive
- demanding, controlling - when a child gets a bad grade they are disappointed but help the child through communicating |
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AUTHORITARIAN
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- Rejecting, unresponsive
- Demanding, controlling - When the child gets a bad grade they are disappointed and punishes child rather than communicating |
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PARENT-ADOLESCENT CONFLICT
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- caused by the generation gap
- 20% of families have unhealthy conflict originating prior to adolescence |
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AUTONOMY AND ATTACHMENT
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- the ability to attain autonomy and gain control over one's bhavior in adolescence is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to the adolescent's desire for control
- adolescent is seeking autonomy and the way a parent reacts to this is important |
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AUTONOMY ISSUES
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- the problem with adolescent autonomy is emotional autonomy
- Boys seek autonomy earlier because they have more independece since they have an increase of testosterone cauing aggression - Culture- U.S. adolescents seek autonomy at earlier age - College transition - Runaways- occur gradually when child is unhappy at home. Children are more susceptible to drug abuse |
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SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS
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- strong socializing influence
- sibling conflict is lower in adolescence than in childhood |
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FAMILIES IN U.S.
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- divorce, out of welock births, and rates of teenage child bearing have steadily increased the number of children living with one parent
- number of working parents has increased - Programs provide too little support after a great deal of damage has occurred |
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EFFECT OF DIVORCED FAMILIES ON ADOLESCENTS
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- poorer adjustment in academics, externalizing and internalizing problems
- most do not have any problems - parents shouldn't stay together if unhappy because these can be more harmful to the well-bing of children - after divorce parenting becomes more authoritative bu there is a harmonious relationship - women lose more in divorces than males - personality and temperament, developmental status, gender, custody, and relocation increase adolescent's risk vulnerability |
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STEP FAMILIES
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- boundary ambiguity- the uncertainty about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system.
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WORKING PARENTS
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- working mothers have no negative effects on adolescents
- Latchkey adolescents are unsupervised for 2-4 hours after school because of parents working. They normally have negative experiences - Job relocation is stressful\ - Unemployment has negative effects on adolescent development |
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GAY AND LESBIAN PARENTS
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- no differences in adjustment of children
- most children have heterosexual orientation |
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GOOD SOCIAL POLICY FOR FAMILIES
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- Engage parents and adolescents in activities both enjoy
- Professionals who work with adolescents increase time spent with the adolescent's family - Employers extend work/family policy to free parents to spend more time with teenagers - Community institutions promote more after-school programs |
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PEERS
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- children or adolescents who are about the same age or maturity level
- doesn't have to be exactly the same age |
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FAMILY PEER LINKAGES
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- Parents and peers are connected by common activities like athletic boosters
- parents can model or coach their adolescents in ways of relating to peers - Secure attachment to parents relates to positive peer relations |
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PEER CONFORMITY
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- occurs when individuals adopt the attitudes or behaviors of others because of real or imagined pressure from them
- peer pressure comes from dress, music, language, values, and leisure activities |
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CONGLOMERATE STRATEGIES
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- the use of a combination of techniques, rather than a single approach, to improve adolescents' social skills: also called coaching
- Strategies consist of modeling, discussion, reasoning, reinforcement |
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FRIENDSHIP
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- a subset of peers who engage in mutual companionship, support, and intimacy
- Functions of friendships: companionship, stimulation, physical support, ego support, social comparison, intimacy/affection |
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INTIMACY IN FRIENDSHIP
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- self disclosure or sharing of private thoughts
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NORMS
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- rules that apply to all members of a group
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ROLES
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- certain positions in a group that are governed by rules and expectations
- Roles define how adolescents should behave in those positions |
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CLIQUES
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- small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals
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CROWDS
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- a larger group structure than cliques
- adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation and may not spend much time together - crowds are more adaptive than cliques |
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YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS
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- important influence
- more likely to participate in community as adults |
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GENDER ROLES IN ADOLESCENT GROUPS
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- Boys associate in larger clusters, engage in competition, conflict, ego displays, risk taking, and dominance seeking
- girls engage more in collaborative discourse rather than activity |
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FUNCTIONS OF DATING
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- recreation
- status - socialization - 90% of adolescents have relationships by 12th grade - religious beliefs and values influence dating patterns |
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ROMANTIC LOVE
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- strong sexual and infatuation components
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AFFECTIONATE LOVE
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- this occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and ahve a deep, caring affection for that person
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DATING SCRIPTS
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- the cognitive models that adolescents and adults use to guide and evaluate dating interactions
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EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE
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- aware of emotional expression
- self regulatory strategies - inner emotional states - not becoming overwhelmed by emotional state - discerning others' emotions |
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INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS
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- occur when individuals turn problems inward
- include anxiety and depression |
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EXTERNALIZING PROBLEMS
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- occur when individuals turn problems outward
- juvenile delinquency |
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RESILIENCE
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influenced by individual factors (intelligence) and family/extrafamilial factors (close relationships)
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MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
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- individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for at least 2 weeks or longer
- Depressed characteristics include lethargy and hopelessness - daily functioning becomes impaired |
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SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION
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- At least 5 of 9 must be present during a 2 week period to be characterized as major depressive disorder
- depressed mood most of the day - reduced interest or pleasure in all or most activities - significant change in weight or appetite - trouble sleeping or sleeping too much - psychomotor agitation or retardation - fatigue or loss of energy - feeling worthless or guily - problems thinking, concentrating, making decisions - recurrent thoughts of death and suicide |
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EATING DISORDERS
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- obesity- caused by heredity and environment
- Anorexia nervosa- involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation - Bulimia nervosa- individual follos a binge and purge pattern |
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SUICIDE
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- rare in childhood, escalates in early adolescence
- Females contemplate more while males commit - Sexual orientation, family instability or unhappiness, and genetic factors play a role in suicide - copy cat suicides |
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TOP 3 CAUSES OF DEATH IN ADOLESCENCE
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- Accidents- most involve automobiles
- Homicide - Suicide- adolescent suicide rate has tripled since 1950 |
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CONDUCT DISORDER
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- the psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6 month period
- behaviors: truancy, running away, physical cruelty to people and animals, setting fires, using drugs & alcohol |
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VIOLENCE AND YOUTH
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- At risk when using drugs and alcohol, have access to weapons, antisocial, and exposure to violence
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JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
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- Index offenses: criminal acts at any age, such as robbery, rape and homicide
- Status offenses: not as serioius, but performed by youths under a specified age. Drinking under age, truancy, sexual promiscuity |
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TOLERANCE
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- the condition in which a greater amount of a drug is needed to produce the same effect as a smaller amount used to produce
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PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
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- physical need for a drug that is accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
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PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
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- strong desire and craving to repeat the use of a drug for various emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of distress
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ALCOHOL EFFECTS
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- depressant
- damages the hippocampus - Risk factors include: heredity, family influences, peer relations, and personality |
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HALLUCINOGENS
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- drugs that alter perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations
- LSD - Marijuana |
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STIMULANTS
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- drugs that increase the activity of the CNS
- Nicotine- cause lung damage and emotional problems - Cocaine- unpredictable risk - Amphetamines - Ecstasy |
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DEPRESSANTS
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- slow the CNS, bodily functions, and behavior
- barbiturates - opiates |
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ANABOLIC STEROIDS
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- drugs derived from the male sex hormone testosterone
- promote muscle growth and lean body mass |
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DRUG USE
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- maladaptive coping mechanism
- interferes with competent coping skills and decision making - decreases my mid-twenties - influenced by parents, peers and social support |
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PUBERTY
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- the period of hysical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place primarily in early adolescence
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HORMMONES
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- chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands
- carried through the body by the blood stream - Androgens are male hormones - estrogens are female hormones |
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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- structure in the brain
- secretes releasing factor - monitors levels of androgens and estrogens |
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PITUITARY GLAND
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- sends info to gonads
- regulates other glands |
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GONADS
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- testes and ovaries
- secretes sex hormones |
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ADRENARCHE
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- involves hormonal changes in teh adrenal glands
- 6-9 years of age - Gonadarche- involving sexual maturation and development of reproductive maturity - Spermarche- a boy's first ejaculation of semen - Menarche- a girl's first menstrual period. Age has declined because of increase in nutrition and overall healthier body |
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GROWTH SPURT
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- occurs 2 years earlier for girls than boys on average
- Girls increase 3.5 inches per year and boys about 4 inches - Weight gain follows roughly same timetable as height gain - Girls gain hip boys gain shoulder |
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SEXUAL MATURATION IN MALES
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- increase penis and testicl size
- pubic hari - voice change - spermarche - armpit hair - Facial hair |
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FEMALES
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- breasts enlarge
- pubic hair - menarche |
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PUBERTAL TIMING AND HEALTH CARE
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- discussions with knowledgeable healthcare provides and parents can improve the coping abilities of the off-time adolescent
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EXPERIENCE AND PLASTICITY
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- brain cells can't be regenerated except the ones in the hippocampus. You can grow more branches but not trees
- Adolescent's brain can recover from injury if caught in time |
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NEOCORTEX
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- in the cerebral cortex
- inhibits amygdala (oldest part of brain causing aggression) |
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SEX
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- the biological dimension of being male or female
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GENDER
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- the sociocultural and psychological dimensions of being male or female
- Gender roles are a set of expectations that prescribes how females nad males should think, act, and feel |
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GENDER STEROTYPES
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- broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
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SEXISM
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- prejudice and discrimination against an individual because of his or her sex
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RAPPORT TALK
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- the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships
- Females tend to prefer private, relationship-oriented conversation |
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REPORT TALK
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- talk that gives info
- Males tend to hold center stage through such verbal performances as story telling, joking, ad lecturing with info |
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GENDER AGGRESSION
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- Girls are more verbally aggressive and engage in more relational aggression
- Boys are more physically aggressive |
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ANDROGYNY
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- presence of both masculine and feminine characteristics
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ADOLESCENT MALES
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- boys are socialized to not show feelings and act tough
- need to be socialized to express anxieties and concerns - more like to partake in premarital sex, alcohol & drugs, and delinquent activities |
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SEXUALLY NAIVE
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- this group had low sexual self esteem and high anxiety about sex
- lower than any other group regarding sexual arousal and exploration - consisted of 10th grade, mostly virgin, adolescent girls |
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SEXUALLY UNASSURED
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- low sexual self esteem and high anxiety about sex
- Feel sexually unattractive, dissatisfied with their sexual behavior, perceived bodies as underdeveloped and view their bodies as unappealing - primarily male virgins |
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SEXUALLY COMPETENT
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- high sexual self esteem, appearing confident of sexual appeal, body, and sexual behavior
- moderate level of sexual commitment and were only somewhat anxious about sex - 12th graders who had engaged in some form of sexual experience |
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SEXUALLY ADVENTUROUS
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- high sexual self esteem and low sexual anxiety
- low sexual commitment and high interest in exploring sexual options - More girls than boys and most were not virgins |
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SEXUALLY DRIVEN
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- high sexual self esteem, felt sexually attractive and were confident in their ability to manage sexual situations
- lowest score of all groups on sexual commitment - males who had engaged in some form of sexual activity |
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TRENDS AND INCIDENCE IN SEX
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- increase in percentage of youth who report sexual intercourse
- proportion of females reporting sexual intercourse has increased more rapidly than males |
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SELF-STIMULATION
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- part of the sexual activity of virtually all adolescents and one of their most frequent sexual outlets
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CONTRACEPTIVE USE
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- adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptive, but large numbers still do not use them
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ADOLESCENT PREGNANCIES
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- rates are decreasing because of fear of STDs, health classes, greater hope for future, and abortion
- higher in U.S. than other countries because unclear messages about sexuality and lack of family planning services - adolescents lack prenatal care, parenting skills, and have lower incomes |
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HOMOSEXUALITY
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- biological factors cause homosexuality
- sensitization, awareness with confusion, acceptance |
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SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
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- AIDS
- genital herpes or warts - gonorrhea - syphilis - chlamydia |
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ACHIEVEMENT
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- move away from extrinsic motivation to intrinsic motivation
- intrinsic motivation must exist for achievement to be meaningful - self efficacy - goal setting, planning, and self monitoring - expectations - anxiety |
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EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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- external motivational factors such as rewards and punishments
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INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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- internal motivational factors such as self determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort
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ATTRIBUTION THEORY
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- individuals driven to discover underlying causes of behavior
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LOCUS OF CONTROl
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- the perceived belief one has on their problems
- what caused their problems |
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MASTERY ORIENTATION
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- individuals focus on the task rather than their ability, have positive affect, and generate solution oriented strategies that improve their performance
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HELPLESS ORIENTATION
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- individuals focus on their personal inadequacies, attribute difficulty to lack of ability, and display negative affect
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PERFORMANCE ORIENTATION
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- individuals are concerned with performance outcome rather than performance process
- winning is what matters |
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MOTIVATING LOW-ACHIEVING ADOLESCENTS
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- determine cause of low achievement
- adolescent wants to protect its self worth - may deliberately not try in school - put off studying until the last minute - everybody can be a genius |
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STRATEGIES OF FAILURE
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- nonperformance
- sham (fake) effort - procrastination - setting reachable goals |
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ADVANTAGES OF WORK IN ADOLESCENCE
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- better understanding in many areas
- based on sociohistorical context - 80% college undergrads work to offset college costs |
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DISADVANTAGES OF WORK IN ADOLESCENCE
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- school performance
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EMOTIONAL ISOLATION
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- loneliness that arises when a person lacks an intimate attachment relationship
- single, divorced, widowed |
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SOCIAL ISOLATION
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- loneliness that arises when a person lacks a sense of integrated involvement
- causes a person to feel alienated, bored, and uneasy |