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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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variables |
-characteristics that can differ across observations -an attribute that varies, having at least two levels, or values -drug abuse (whose levels are "abuses drugs" and "does not abuse drugs")
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constants |
something that can potentially vary but that has only one level in the study in question -ex: sex (only male participants within a study) |
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conceptual definitions |
-a general or broad definition of an idea/construct -ex: depression or debt stress |
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operational definitions |
-variables defined in terms of a clearly specified set of performed operations -ex: a structured set of questions used by a trained therapist to diagnose each person as "not stressed" or "mildly stressed" or "severely stressed" |
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Frequency claim |
-describe the rate at which a particular event occurs -focuses only on one variable -reports the results of a measured variable ex: more than 2 million U.S teens depressed ex: half of americans struggle to stay happy ex: williamsburg charter school outscores other schools on state tests |
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association claims |
-present a relationship between two variables -variables are measured ex: belly fat linked to dementia, study shows ex: heavy cell phone use tied to poor sperm quality ex: ADHD drugs not linked to future drug abuse |
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causal claims |
-assert that changes in one variable lead to changes in another variable ex: music lessons enhance IQ ex: debt stress causing health problems, poll finds ex: family meals curb teen eating disorders
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1. Covariance 2. Temporal Precedence 3. Internal Validity |
3 requirements for causation |
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Covariance |
association between two things ex: when adult support goes up, grades go up ex: when adult support goes down, grades go down |
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Temporal Precedence |
the standard that what is labeled as the cause must be displayed to have happened prior to the impact |
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internal validity |
-property of scientfic studies which reflects the extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted -ability to rule out alternative explanations for a causal relationship between two variables |
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construct validity |
a measure of how well a variable was measured or manipulated in a study -make sure it is measured reliably -be sure that the measure gives similar scores on repeated testings ex: "Heavy Cell Phone Use Tied to Poor Sperm Quality" -how well did they measure sperm quality and cell phone use?
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statistical validity |
the extent to which statistical conclusions derived from a study are accurate and reasonable |
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external validity |
a measure of how well the results of a study generalize to, or represent, individuals or contexts besides those in the study itself ex: "Half of Americans struggle to stay happy" (who were the participants) -few friends? -100 college students? -random numbers at the mall? |
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1. Construct Validity 2. External Validity |
Importance of validities for assessing frequency claims |
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1. Construct Validity 2. External Validity 3. Statistical Validity: Strength and Significance |
importance of validities for assessing association claims |
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1. Construct Validity 2. External Validity 3. Statistical Validity 4. Internal Validity |
importance of validities for assessing causal claims |
