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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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senescence |
the natural physical decline brought about by increasing age; begins in your 20's |
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secondary aging |
physical decline brought about by environmental factors or behavioral choices |
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how many people in the US are physically or mentally challenged? |
over 50 million |
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4 ways of coping with stress |
-problem-focused coping -emotion-focused coping -social support -defensive coping |
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problem-focused coping: |
managing threatening situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful |
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emotion-focused coping: |
conscious regulation of emotion ex. looking on the bright side |
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defensive coping: |
unconscious strategies like emotional insulation (emotions are blocked and pain is avoided); use of drugs or alcohol to escape |
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somatic symptom disorders: |
medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties (ulcers, asthma, arthritis, high blood pressure) |
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hardiness: |
a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness |
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Labouvie-Vief's theory of development |
-suggests that young adults exhibit postformal thought, which is beyond Piaget's formal operations |
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postformal thought: |
according to Labouvie-Vief, ability to understand that there can be multiple solutions |
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Perry's theory |
-found students entering college tended to use dualistic thinking -over time thru college, dualistic thinking declined and eventually reached a stage in which knowledge and values regarded as relativistic **theory based on well-educated Harvard students |
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Schaie's stages of development... |
focuses on the ways in which info is used during adulthood |
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4 stages of Schaie's development theory |
-Acquisitive stage -Achieving stage -Responsible stage / executive stage -reintegrative stage |
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Acquisitive stage: (Shaei) |
-first stage in Shaie's development theory -encompasses all of childhood and adolescence -info gathered for future use / activities |
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Achieving stage: (Shaei) |
-second stage in Shaie's development theory -intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family and societal contributions |
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Responsible stage: (Shaie) |
-third stage in Shaie's development theory -middle-aged adults mainly concerned w/ protecting and nourishing spouses, families and careers |
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Executive stage: (Shaie) |
-part of third stage in Shaie's development theory -many people go thru this period -broader perspective is taken than before, including world concerns -energy put into sustaining societal institutions |
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Reintegrative Stage (Shaie) |
-stage 4 in Shaie's development theory -late adulthood period w/ focus on tasks that have personal meaning -they acquire info/knowledge to solve issues that specifically interest them |
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence components (3) |
-componential aspect -experiential aspect -contextual aspect |
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componential aspect (Sternberg) |
-component of triarchic theory of intelligence -involves mental components used to solve problems ex. making use of what's learned in the past |
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experiential aspect (Sternberg) |
-component of triarchic theory of intelligence -refers to relationship b/w intelligence, prior experience, and ability to cope w/ new situations -allows people to relate what they already know to a new situation and facts never before encountered |
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contextual aspect (Sternberg) |
-component of triarchic theory of intelligence -takes account of demands of every-day real-world environments |
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practical intelligence |
according to Sternberg, intelligence that is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior |
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emotional intelligence |
the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression and regulation of emotions |
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creativity |
the combo of responses or ideas in novel ways
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difficulties facing college students (4) |
-first-year adjustment reaction -first-generation -benevolent sexism -stereotype threat |
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first-year adjustment reaction: |
cluster of psychological symptoms including loneliness, anxiety and depression relation to college experience |
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benevolent sexism: |
women placed in stereotyped and restrictive roles that appear to be positives |
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stereotype threat: |
obstacles to performance that come from awareness of the stereotypes held by society about academic abilities |
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intimacy-versus-isolation stage |
according to Erikson, the period of postadolescence into early 30's that focuses on developing close, intimate relationships w/ others -those who experience difficulties during this stage are often lonely, isolated, and fearful of relationships |
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problems w/ Erikson's "Intimacy-versus-isolation stage" theory |
-limited to heterosexuality -focused on white men |
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emerging adulthood: |
according to Arnett the period from the end of teenage years thru early 20's in which people are still sorting out their options for the future |
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stimulus-value-role (SVR) theory |
theory that relationships proceed in a fixed order of 3 stages: stimulus, value, and role |
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passionate / romantic love: |
a state of powerful absorption in someone |
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companionate love: |
the strong affection for those w whom our lives are deeply involved |
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labeling theory of passionate love: |
the theory that individuals experience romantic love when 2 events occur together: intense physiological arousal and situational cues suggesting that the arousal is due to love |
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intimacy component: |
according to Sternberg the component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness |
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passion component: |
according to Sternberg the component of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance |
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decision/ commitment component: |
according to Sternberg the third aspect of love that embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the longer-term determination to maintain that love |
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Sternberg's theory of love: |
-suggests love is made of 3 components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment -these components can be combined to form 8 different types of love -ex. "romantic love" occurs when intimacy and passion are present, "consummate love" is when all 3 components are present |
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common sources of marriage problems |
-difficulty making transition from adolescence to adulthood -trouble developing a separate identity -challenge of allocating time across spouse, friends, and family -transition to parenthood can strain marriage if initially rocky |
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best way for couple to parent |
co-parenting team |
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homogamy: |
tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, religion, and other basic demographic characteristics |
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Ginzberg's career choice theory |
to Ginzberg, people move thru stages in choosing a career |
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3 stages in Ginzber'g career choice theory |
Stage I: Fantasy period Stage II: tentative period Stage III: realistic period |
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Fantasy period (Ginzberg) |
-goes until age 11 -people make and drop career choices w/out regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities |
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Tentative period (Ginzberg) |
-spans adolescence -people begin to think more practically about req's of various jobs and their abilities and interests, and how well a job might satisfy their personal values and goals |
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Realistic period (Ginzberg) |
-in early adulthood -people explore specific career options thru actual experience on job or thru training -narrow their choices, and eventually commit |
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problems w/ Ginzberg's career choice theory |
-oversimplifies process of choosing a career -based on subjects from middle socioeconomic levels -people may change careers at different points in life due to economic factors |
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career consolidation |
according to Vaillant a stage that is entered b/w the ages of 20-40, when young adults become centered on their careers |
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Holland's personality type theory |
-certain personality types match well w/ certain careers -people will enjoy their careers more and stay w/ them if it corresponds well w/ their personality -types: realistic, intellectual, social, conventional, enterprising, artistic |
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problems w/ Holland's theory: |
not everyone fits neatly into personality types. some people hold jobs that are "wrong" for their personality type |
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communal professions |
occupations that are associated w relationships, such as nursing |
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agentic professions |
occupations that are associated w getting things accomplished, such as carpentry |
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status |
the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group or society |
