Psy 210 Mid Term

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Human development

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a science that seeks to understand how people change throughout their lives.

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multidisciplinary

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a characteristic of development encompassing the idea that dozens of acedemic desciplines contribute data and insight to the science of development/
***numerous acedemic fields especially psycology, biology, socialogy, and education.....and many more--contribute data and insight to the science of development

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multicontexual

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a characteristic of development referring to the fact that each human life takes place within a number of contexts--historical, cultural and socioeconomic//
***human life are embedded in many contexts, inculding historical conditions, economic contraints and cultural tradition

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plasticity

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a characteristic of development that indicates that individual--including their personalities as well as their bodies and minds change throughout life--change is ongoing, neither random or easy

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ethnic group

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people who share certain attributes, almost always including ancestral heritage, and often including national origin, religious, customs, and language

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theory

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provides a framework of general principles that can be used to guide research and explain obersvations

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behaviorism

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a grand theory of human development that focuses on the sequence and processes by which behavior is learned (also called learning theory)

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psychoanalytic theory

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a grand theory of human development that holds that irrationald unconscious drives and motives many of which originate in childhood underlie human behavior

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fetus

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developing organism from 8 weeks after conception until birth//
**when born--even preterm at 22 wks or postterm at 41 weeks--called a baby

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teratogens

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agents and conditions, including viruses, drugs, chemicals, stressors, and malnutrition, that can impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects or even death

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head-sparing

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the biological protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily effects body growth

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REM sleep

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rapid eye movement sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves

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experience dependent

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refers to brain functions that depend on particular, and variable, experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant

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experience expectant

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refers to brain functions that require basic common experiences (which the infant can be expected to have ) in order to develop normally

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sensation

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the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose )when it detects a stimulus

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perception

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the mental processing of sensory information, when brain interprets a sensation

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binocular vision

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that ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image

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reflex

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a responsive movement that seems automatic, because it almost always occurs in reaction to a particular stimulus

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gross motor skills

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physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping

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fine motor skills

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physical ability involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing or picking up a coin

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immunizaiton

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a process that stimulates that body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease

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sudden infant death syndroms (SIDS)

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a situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, at least 2 months of age, dies unexpectedly in his or her sleep

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habituation

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the process of getting used to and object or event through repeated exposure to it

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baby talk

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the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants, also called child-directed speech

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trust vs. mistrust

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erikson's term for the first crisis of physchosocial development, in which the infant learns wheter the world is essentially a secure place where basic needs are always met or and unpredictable arena where needs (for food, comfort) are sometimes unmet

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temperament

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according to Rothbart and Bates (1998) "constitutionally based individual difference in emotion, motor and attentional reactivity and self-regulation

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perseveration

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the tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action even when it has become useless or inappropriate

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fine motor skills

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involve small body movements (especially those of the hands or fingers

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primary prevention

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actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse

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centration

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a characteristic of preoperational thought in which the young child focuses on one aspect of a situation of the exclusion of others

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preoperational

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Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; characterized by centration (including egocentrism) focus on appearance, static reasoning and irreversibilty

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operational

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figure out ligical ideas because thinking is limited to what they see at the moment

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scaffolding

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a sensitive structuring of the young child;s participation in learning encounters

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self-concept

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people's understanding of who they are, usually includes appearance, personality, and abilities

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emathy

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a person's true understanding of emotions of another, including the abilty to figure out what would make that person feel better