Psy 2012

Front 1

_________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience (Domjan, 2006).

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

_______ ________ occurs whenever a person or an animal forms a simple association among various stimuli and/or responses.

Back 2

Associative Learning

Front 3

_________ ________ refers to understanding, knowning, anticipating, or otherwise making use of information-rich higher mental processes.

Back 3

Cognitive Learning

Front 4

________ refers to any even that increases the probability that a response will occur again.

Back 4

Reinforcement

Front 5

Events that precede a response are __________.

Back 5

Antecedents.

Front 6

Effects that follow a response are __________.

Back 6

Consquences.

Front 7

________ _________ is based on what happens before we respond.

Back 7

Classical Conditioning

Front 8

________ _________ is based on the consquences of responding.

Back 8

Operant Conditioning.

Front 9

_________ received a nobel prize for discovering classical conditioning.

Back 9

Pavlov

Front 10

In Pavlov's salivation experience the meat powder is an _________ _________.

Back 10

Uncondition Stimulus.

Front 11

In Pavlov's dog salivation experiment, the ringing bell STARTS out as a _________ _______.

Back 11

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Front 12

In Pavlov's dog salivation experiment, the ringing bell ENDED up being a ________ ________.

Back 12

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Front 13

In Pavlov's dog salivation experiment, Relflex Salivation was the _________ ________ in Pavlov's experiment.

Back 13

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Front 14

In Pavlov's dog salivation experiment, after the bell rang, the salivation had become a _______ ________.

Back 14

Conditioned Response (CR)

Front 15

During __________, or training, a conditioned response must be reinforced.

Back 15

Acquisition

Front 16

We can see that classical conditioning can be weakened by removing the connection between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuslus. This process is called ________.

Back 16

Extinction

Front 17

_________ _________ ________ can be brought about when well-learned CS is used to reinforce further learning.

Back 17

Higher Order Conditioning

Front 18

The return of a learned response after apparent extinction is called _________ _________.

Back 18

Spontaneous Recovery

Front 19

After conditioning, other stimuli similar to CS may also trigger a response. This is called ____________ __________.

Back 19

Stimulus Generalization

Front 20

________ _________ is the ability to respond differently to various stimuli.

Back 20

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 21

A _________ is a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists.

Back 21

Phobia

Front 22

Pyschologists believe that many phobias begin as a ______ _______ ________, or learned emotional reactions to a previously neutral stimulus.

Back 22

Conditioned Emotional Responses (CERs)

Front 23

Conditioned fears do respond to a therapy called ___________.

Back 23

Desensitization (Gradually exposing the phobic person to a feared stimuli)

Front 24

"Second-hand" learning, or ________ ________ _________ occurs when we learn to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another person's emotional reactions.

Back 24

Vicarious Classical Conditioning.

Front 25

1. The concept of reinforcement applies to both
a. antecedents and consquences
b. neutral stimuli & rewards
c. classical and operant conditioning
d. aquistion and spontaneous recovery

Back 25

C

Front 26

Classical conditioning, studied by the Russian physiologist ___________, is also referred to as _____________ conditioning.

Back 26

Pavlov, Pavlovian or respondent

Front 27

You smell the odor of cookies being baked and your mouth waters. Apparently, the odor of cookies is a __________ and your salivation is:
a. CR, CS
b. CS, CR
c. Consquence neutral stimulus
d. reflex, CS

Back 27

B

Front 28

The informational view says that classical conditioning is based on changes in mental ________________________________ about the CS and US.

Back 28

Expectancies

Front 29

After you have acquired a conditioned response, it may be weakened by
a. spontaneous recovery
b. stimulus generalization
c. removing reinforcement
d. following the CS with a US

Back 29

C

Front 30

When a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce the learning of a second conditioned stimulus, higher order conditioning has occurred. T or F?

Back 30

T

Front 31

Psychologists theorize that many phobias begin when a CER generalizes to other, similar situations. T or F?

Back 31

T

Front 32

Three-year-old Josh sees his 5 year-old sister get chased by a neighbor’s dog. Now Josh is as afraid of the dog as his sister is. Josh’s fear is a result of
a. stimulus discrimination
b. vicarious conditioning
c. spontaneous recovery
d. higher order conditioning

Back 32

B

Front 33

In ________ ________ (also known as instrumental learning) we associate responses with their consquences.

Back 33

Operant Conditioning

Front 34

Acts that are reinforced tend to be repeated (Mazur, 2006). Pioneer learning theorist called this the _____ __ _____.

Back 34

Edward L. Thorndike
law of effect

Front 35

_________ is the gradual molding of responses to a desired pattern.

Back 35

Shaping

Front 36

______ ______ occurs when making a response removes an unpleasant event.

Back 36

Negative Reinforcement