Psy 201- Ch 7

Front 1

memory

Back 1

persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Front 2

information-processing models

Back 2

used to help us think about how the brain forms and retrieves memories

Front 3

encoding

Back 3

process of getting information into the memory system

Front 4

storage

Back 4

process of retaining encoded information over time

Front 5

retrieval

Back 5

process of getting information out of memory storage

Front 6

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Back 6

Information-processing model (3 stages)

1. we first record to-be-remembered info as a fleeting sensory memory

2. we process info into short-term memory, where we encode it through rehearsal

3. info moves into long-term memory for later retrieval

Front 7

working memory

Back 7

-Alan Baddeley

-active processing of incoming visual and auditory info

-focuses our spotlight of attention

-processes info retrieved from long-term memory

-varies age and distractions

Front 8

central executive

Back 8

focuses attention and pulls info from long term memory to help make sense of new info

Front 9

explicit memory

Back 9

(declarative memory)

memory of facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve

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implicit memory

Back 10

(nondeclarative memory)

retaining learned skills, or classically conditioned associations, without conscious awareness

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sensory memory

Back 11

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

Front 12

short-term memory

Back 12

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

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long-term memory

Back 13

relatively permanent and limited storehouse of the memory system;

includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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effortful processing

Back 14

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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automatic processing

Back 15

unconscious encoding of everyday info, such as space, time, frequency, and of well-learned info, such as word meanings

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iconic memory

Back 16

picture-image memory

Front 17

echoic memory

Back 17

sound memory

Front 18

George Miller

Back 18

Magical number 7

-people can store about seven bits of information

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Peterson and Peterson

Back 19

unless rehearsed, verbal information may be quickly forgotten

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chunking

Back 20

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

often occurs automatically

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mnemonics

Back 21

memory aids, especially tecchniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

-peg-word system-uses visual imagery

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spacing effect

Back 22

encoding or remembering is more effective when it is spread over time

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testing effect

Back 23

enhanced memory after retrieving information

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Ebbinghaus

Back 24

-estimated that learning meaningful material required one-tenth of the effort

-retention curve= as rehearsal increases, learning time decreases

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past research

Back 25

whole past is contained in memory waiting to be relived

Front 26

explicit memory formation

Back 26

frontal lobes and hippocampus

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hippocampus

Back 27

neural center located in the limbic system;

helps process explicit memories for storage

Front 28

frontal lobes

Back 28

the right and left frontal lobes store different information

Front 29

implicit memory system

Back 29

cerebellum and basal ganglia

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cerebellum

Back 30

forms and stores memories created by classical conditioning

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basal ganglia

Back 31

forms memories of physical skills

Front 32

infantile amnesia

Back 32

conscious memory of our first three years is blank;

command of language and a well-developed hippocampus are needed

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flashbulb memory

Back 33

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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long-term potentiation

(LTP)

Back 34

increase in a synapse's firing potential after which the brain will not erase memories;

believed to be a neural basis fo learning and memory

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Kandel and Schwartz

Back 35

-pinpointed changes in sea slugs' neural connections

-with learning more serotonin is released and cell efficiency increased- number of synapses increase

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amygdala

Back 36

responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories

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recall

Back 37

memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier

(fill-in-the-blank test)

Front 38

recognition

Back 38

memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned

(multiple-choice test)

Front 39

relearning

Back 39

memory demonstrated by time saved when learning material for a second time

Front 40

memory retrieval

Back 40

-memories are held in storage by a web of associations

-retrieval cues serve as anchor points for pathways to memories suspended in this web

Front 41

retrieval cue

Back 41

any stimulus (event, place, feeling...) linked to a specific memory

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priming

Back 42

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

Front 43

context effects

Back 43

priming memory is often helped by returning to the context of the experience

Front 44

state-dependent memory

(mood-congruent memory)

Back 44

there is a tendency to recall events consistent with current good or bad mood or drug state

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serial position effect

Back 45

tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

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Encoding failure

Back 46

Age: encoding lag is linked to age-related memory decline

Attention: failure to notice or encode contributes to memory failure

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Storage decay

Back 47

-course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time

-physical change in the brain occurs as memory forms

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memory trace

Back 48

lasting physical changes in the brain as a memory forms

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proactive interference

Back 49

disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information,

older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information

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retroactive interference

Back 50

disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Front 51

motivated forgetting

Back 51

Freud: repressed memories protect self-concept and minimize anxiety

Today: attempts to forget are more likely when information is neutral, not emotional

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repression

Back 52

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arouse anxiety

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misinformation effect

Back 53

when a memory has been corrupte by misleading information

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imagination effect

Back 54

when repeatedly imagining fake actions and events can create false memories

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source amnesia

Back 55

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined

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deja vu

Back 56

cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Front 57

Ceci and Bruck

Back 57

-suggestive interviewing techniques