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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 ways of knowing
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tenacity
authority reason common sense science |
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Tenacity
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"we have always known it to be this way"
repition->familiartiy-> acceptance Problem: accuracy is not evaluated. difficult to change belief |
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authority
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Parents, healthcare, education, religion, gov't
Can be beneficial or not Problem: separation of church and state; authority figures can be incorrect |
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Reason
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basic method of philosophy
syllogisms Problem: original assumption may be incorrect; no way of verifying the accuracy of our assumptions |
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Common sense
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based on past experience and perceptions
Problem: experience is limited and not systematic; influenced by biases; prevents us from understanding new ideas |
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Science
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observation using senses
application of rules of logic to eliminate possible explanations Problem: cannot address metaphysical questions or questions involving values; limited to what is observable |
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Characteristics of scientific explanations
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empirical
testable public replicable tentative based on theory |
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Empirical
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based on evidence of the senses
based on objective and systematic observation verification |
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Testable
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-potentially 'falsifiable'
-attempts can be made to disprove the explanation/ provide alt. explanations -boundary conditions -additional testing=good |
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Public
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Peer review
peers can gauge consistency of results with new evidence and known principles |
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Replicable
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specify details of research
operational def Method section on APA papers |
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Tentative
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confidence in explanation, but expl. may be faulty
cant "prove" scientific explanations, only support |
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Based on theory
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theories help scientists understand the phenomena
verbal explanations,math, analogies Theory provides framework for developing hypotheses, interpreting results, guiding future research |
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Internal Validity
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aside from IV, are there other reasons for obtaining our results?
confounds? Control attempts to eliminate/reduce alt. reasons for differences in IV conducted in labs |
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External Validity
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how generalized are the results?
the more controlled, the less likely that results will generalize applied research, conducted in fields |
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high internal validity
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basic research
artifical lab setting, doesnt generalize well to other settings or 'real world' |
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high external validity
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applied research
conducted in 'real world' but cant rule out alt. explanations for the findings |
