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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why are groups homogeneous (alike in age, sex, beliefs, and opinions)?
A. People who are already similar to each other will join B. Evolutionary pressures caused people with similar genes to join groups C. Groups encourage similarity in their members D. A & C E. A, B, & C |
D. A & C
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2. Group cohesiveness is best defined as
A. shared expectations in a group about how people are supposed to behave B. Qualities that bind members together and promote liking between members C. Expectations about the roles and behaviors of men and women D. The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks in the presence of others |
B. Qualities that bind members together and promote liking between members
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You are trying to decide whether to take a test in a lecture hall where you will be surrounded by lots of other people, or in a room by yourself. Assuming you have studied for the test and know the material, you should take the test in the __ because it will result in ___.
A. hallway; social loafing B. hallway; social facilitation C. classroom; social loafing D. hallway; deindividuation E. classroom; social facilitation |
E. classroom; social facilitation
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The tendency to engage in social loafing is stronger in __ than __; it is also stronger in __ than ___.
A. men, women; Asian cultures; Western cultures B. women, men; Asian cultures, Western cultures C. men, women; Western cultures, Asian cultures D. women, men; Western cultures, Asian cultures |
C. men, women; Western cultures, Asian cultures
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On his way back from class, Matt encounters an angry mob ready to storm the dining hall to demand better food. Matt likes the food as it is and wants to stop the mob. What would be the most effective solution?
A. Increasing group cohesiveness by inviting the entire mob to his house for tea B. Passing out blue shirts for everyone to wear C. Reducing process loss in the group by making sure that its most expert members have the most influence D. Finding a friend in the group, calling out her name and talking to her loudly about an upcoming test |
D. Finding a friend in the group, calling out her name and talking to her loudly about an upcoming test
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Four psychology students working on a group project together are trying to figure out how they should avoid groupthink when making decisions about which information to include in their project. Which of these ideas would be the least helpful?
A. Bonding by going to see a movie together before starting the project B. Assigning each group member to be responsible for a different chapter in their textbooks so they cover all the details C. Having a student not in their group review their project D. Designating a leader to oversee the project, but the leader is nondirective and encourages people to give honest feedback |
A. Bonding by going to see a movie together before starting the project
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Bill and Pam, a married couple, are buying a house and have narrowed their choice down to two options. Bill remembers that one house had a beautiful kitchen; Pam, however, remembers that there were roaches in the broom closet. By sharing this information with each other, Pam and Bill are using ___ to avoid ___.
A. mindguards; groupthink B. social roles; deindividuation C. transactive memory; process loss D. subgroups; group polarization |
C. transactive memory; process loss
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Which of the following is least likely to lead to a process loss in a group?
A. A group leader has high charisma but very little expertise B. The group members have never met before C. Group members do not share information that others lack D. Some members in the group do not listen to each other E. The most competent member doesn't feel free to speak up |
B. The group members have never met before
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Which of the following is an example of a commons dilemma?
A. Each fisherman is better off fishing as much as he can, but if they all do that, the fish will be depleted and all fishermen will suffer. B. People may leave a concert before the clapping starts and secure a fast exit from the concert hall, but if everybody does that, it won't be any faster to get out of the hall. C. Individuals are better off not paying taxes because even if they don't pay taxes, they will still be able to benefit from parks and highways that were paid for with taxes collected from others. D. When the check is going to be shared at dinner, each individual in a group is better off ordering a more expensive meal, but if everybody does that, everybody will end up paying more. |
A. Each fisherman is better off fishing as much as he can, but if they all do that, the fish will be depleted and all fishermen will suffer.
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When is communication most effective for resolving conflict?
A. When people communicate through electronic means (e.g., over email) B. When it is required C. When the stakes are high for people on both sides of a conflict D. When a mediator is used |
D. When a mediator is used
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Which of the following is not a way that evolutionary theory explains prosocial behavior?
A. Social exchange B. Kin Selection C. The reciprocity norm D. Group selection E. Learning social norms |
A. Social exchange
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Amy is walking across campus and sees someone on her hands and knees looking for a ring that slipped off her finger. Which of the following is false, according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis? Amy
A. feels empathy toward the person, so she will probably stop and help the stranger look for the ring, regardless of whether it is in her self-interest to do so B. feels empathy toward the person, but she doesn't think she has much to gain by helping, so she decides not to help the person look for the ring C. Doesn't feel empathy toward the person, but recognizes her as a TA in her English class. Amy really wants to get a good grade in that English class, so she will probably stop and help her TA look for the ring. D. doesn't feel empathy toward the person and doesn't think she has much to gain by helping, so she decides not to help the person look for the ring |
B. feels empathy toward the person, but she doesn't think she has much to gain by helping, so she decides not to help the person look for the ring
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Which of the following is not a reason that being in a good mood tends to increase prosocial behavior?
A. Good moods make us frame situations more positively and thus we are more likely to give people the benefit of the doubt B. Helping prolongs good moods C. Good moods make us pay more attention to social norms, so we will be more aware of the altruism norm D. Good moods increase how much attention we pay to ourselves, which makes us more likely to act according to our values |
C. Good moods make us pay more attention to social norms, so we will be more aware of the altruism norm
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Frank has recently graduated from college and moves from New York City back to the small town in Connecticut where he was born. He now finds that he is much more inclined to engage in prosocial behavior. What is the most likely reason for this change?
A. Growing up in a small town caused him to internalize altruistic values B. The change in his immediate surroundings changed his likelihood of helping C. College students are less likely to help because they are more susceptible to the bystander effect D. Frank is more likely to engage in negative-state relief when he is in the small town |
B. The change in his immediate surroundings changed his likelihood of helping
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5. Luke listened to a lecture in his history class that he found very confusing, but at the end of the class when the professor asked whether there was anything students didn't understand, Luke didn't raise his hand. Because there were no other hands raised, Luke assumed that other students had understood the material and that he just didn't pay enough attention. In fact many students hadn't understood the material and were in the same situation a Luke. This is an example of
A. jigsaw classroom. B. self-fulfilling prophecy. C. ultimate attribution error. D. pluralistic ignorance. E. Normative conformity |
D. pluralistic ignorance.
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Research on prosocial behavior finds that religious people
A. help others more than nonreligious people in virtually all ways B.report on surveys that they help the same amount as do nonreligious people C. actually help more than nonreligious people only if it puts them in a good light to themselves or others D. actually help others less than do nonreligious people |
C. actually help more than nonreligious people only if it puts them in a good light to themselves or others
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People in interdependent cultures, compared to Westerners, are
A. More likely to help in-group members, but less likely to help out-group members B. more likely too help out-group members C. more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors D. less likely to engage in heroic acts, but more likely to engage in sustained helping |
A. More likely to help in-group members, but less likely to help out-group members
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Meghan lives in a single room in a college dormitory. Late one night she hears a scream coming from just outside her dorm. She is pretty sure that the person needs help because the person yelled, "Help me! I think I broke my leg!" Meghan goes back to sleep, only to find out the next day that the person was on the ground for 45 minute before someone helped. Which of the following best explains why Meghan didn't help?
A. Informational influence B. A diffusion of responsibility C. She didn't interpret it as an emergency D. Pluralistic ignorance |
B. A diffusion of responsibility
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Which of the following is true about prosocial behavior?
A. How often people have moved from one place to another influences how helpful they are B. There is no effect on personality on prosocial behavior C. Being in a bad mood decreases prosocial behavior D. Only people in non-Western societies are more likely to help members of their in-group. |
A. How often people have moved from one place to another influences how helpful they are
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10. Which of the following is not true about social behavior?
A. When people are put in a good mood, they are more likely to help. B. People in stable communities are more likely to help than people in communities with high residential mobility. C. When people are in a bad mood, they are more likely to help. D. Having an altruistic personality is a strong predictor of helping behavior E. Helping in-group members more than out-group members is more common in interdependent cultures than in independent cultures |
D. Having an altruistic personality is a strong predictor of helping behavior
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___ aggression stems from feelings of anger and is aimed at inflicting pain whereas ___ aggression serves as a means to some goal other than pain.
A. hostile; instrumental B. direct; passive C. instrumental; hostile D. passive; direct |
A. hostile; instrumental
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A lack of which of the following brain chemicals is associated with aggression?
A. Dopamine B. Norepinephrine C. Serotonin D. Testosterone |
C. Serotonin
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Which of the following gender differences in aggression is false?
A. Young boys tend to be more overtly aggressive than young girls B. Girls tend to express their aggressive feelings more covertly, such as by gossiping C. Gender differences in aggression becomes much smaller when men and women are subjected to frustration or insults D. When women do commit acts of overt aggression, they tend to feel less guilt or anxiety about such acts than men do. |
D. When women do commit acts of overt aggression, they tend to feel less guilt or anxiety about such acts than men do.
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Which of the following people is most likely to act aggressively toward someone who insults him?
A. Ray, who grew up in Texas B. Randy, who grew up in California C. Richard, who grew up in Massachusetts D. Ricky, who grew up in Michigan |
A. Ray, who grew up in Texas
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Under which of the following conditions is John least likely to be aggressive?
A. His boss tells him he isn't going to get a raise when he was promised B. He likes to look at nonviolent pictures of nude women who are not involved in sexual activity. C. When driving to work, another driver deliberately cuts in front of him during a traffic jam D. He has consumed enough alcohol to make him legally drunk and a stranger bumps into him in a crowded restaurant |
B. He likes to look at nonviolent pictures of nude women who are not involved in sexual activity.
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Which of the following is false?
A. Watching violence on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in children B. Watching violence on television increases the frequency of aggressive behavior in adolescents and young adults C. Playing violent video games seems to have the same kind of impact on children that watching TV violence does D. Viewing television violence can numb people's reactions when they see violence in real life E. Television advertising works better when it is shown during violent shows than nonviolent shows |
E. Television advertising works better when it is shown during violent shows than nonviolent shows
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Jim has recently been convicted in a highly publicized assault case. When asked by the press, he offers many reasons for his aggressiveness. Which of the following of Jim's arguments would a social psychologist find the least convincing (based upon research against aggression)?
A. "There was a gun in the room when it happened." B. "I used to watch my older brother beat up neighborhood kids." C. "I had just been fired from a job I really wanted." D. "I grew up in a very cold climate in Minnesota." E. "I watched a lot of violent television growing up." |
D. "I grew up in a very cold climate in Minnesota."
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Brandon is furious at Whit for forgetting his birthday. To diffuse his anger, Brandon should
A. Think about other times Whit annoyed him and then confront Whit with all the evidence B. write about his feelings privately for 20 minutes a day for a few days C. vent his anger by watching a football game before confronting Whit D. vent his anger by talking about Whit to a friend before confronting Whit E. Play a violent video game |
B. write about his feelings privately for 20 minutes a day for a few days
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John is an easily angered man who displays a lot of aggression toward other people. If one of his New Year's resolutions is to be less aggressive, what would be the best approach for him to take?
A. He should surround himself with the things that make him mad so he gets used to them and they no longer evoke the same responses B. He should really focus on the thing that angers him and release all his feelings at once toward that object C. He should try to empathize with the person who is making him angry and apologize for his aggressive behavior D. He should set up a system of punishment for himself so that every time he displays anger, he is punished for it |
C. He should try to empathize with the person who is making him angry and apologize for his aggressive behavior
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Suppose you want to reduce the chances that your children will act in aggressive ways toward other people. Which of the following is least likely to work?
A. Be a good role model; that is, do not act aggressively in front of your children B. Limit the amount of violence your children see on television C. Do not let them play video games that involve aggression and violence D. Encourage them to feel empathy toward other people E. Encourage them to play sports where they can vent their frustrations on the playing field. |
E. Encourage them to play sports where they can vent their frustrations on the playing field.
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According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination are likely to increase when:
A. a country has a history of institutionalized racism B. the person who holds the stereotype is frustrated C. people know that their close friends are prejudiced D. there is competition over jobs in a country E. prejudice is explicit rather than implicit |
D. there is competition over jobs in a country
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Rebecca is covering her college's football game against the archrival for the newspaper. At the game, she interviews several students from her college, but decides she only needs to interview one or two students from the rival school to understand the general opinion of students at that rival school. Rebecca is demonstrating
A. in-group bias B.a perception of out-group homogeneity C. the ultimate attribution error D. blaming the victim |
B.a perception of out-group homogeneity
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Because the number of blatant acts of prejudice and discrimination in the United States has declined sharply, and because affirmative action has provided women and minorities access to opportunities previously withheld, there has been
A. a subtle but powerful backlash against members of these groups B. a gradual reduction in the self-esteem of men and members of the majority group C. A gradual increase in the self-esteem of women and minority group members D. A gradual increase in the self-esteem of majority group members |
C. A gradual increase in the self-esteem of women and minority group members
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Suppose you're a bartender and observe occasional fights at your establishment. Although you don't know very many people with visible tattoos, it seems to you that people with tattoos are more likely to get into fights than people without tattoos. But you are wrong; people with visible tattoos have not been more likely to get into fights. Based on the research discussed in this chapter, your faulty memory is most likely due to
A. illusory correlation B. the subliminal priming of stereotypic information C. automatic activation of your stereotype D. realistic conflict theory |
A. illusory correlation
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According to social psychological research, racism in America today
A. has almost completely disappeared B. results in low self-esteem for both the racists and those whom they discriminate against C. has decreased more at the controlled level than at the automatic level D. has remained the same at the controlled level |
C. has decreased more at the controlled level than at the automatic level
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At a party, Sam makes negative comments about gays and lesbians. According to research in social psychology, which of the following is least likely to explain Sam's behavior?
A. Sam recently found out he had done poorly on an important test and was experiencing low self-esteem B. Sam's friends often make similar comments and he conformed for normative reasons C. When Sam was growing up his parents often made negative comments about gays and lesbians D. Sam had high self-esteem and felt very secure about his own sexuality E. Sam recently applied for a job but Sam learned that an openly gay man got the job instead of him |
D. Sam had high self-esteem and felt very secure about his own sexuality
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According to social psychological research, which of the following is least likely to prevent Sam from making similar negative comments about gays and lesbians in the future?
A. A woman Sam likes tells him that she disapproves of his negative comments B. Sam finds out that a member of a rival fraternity is gay C. Bob, a close friend of Sam's and a member of his fraternity, tells Sam that he (Bob) is gay D. Sam is assigned a lab partner in a biology class who is openly gay. In order to get a good grade in the class, Sam must cooperate with his partner. |
B. Sam finds out that a member of a rival fraternity is gay
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Melissa, a high school senior, doesn't get in to the college she wants to attend. She blames this on affirmative action, and starts to act aggressively toward the minority students at her school. Melissa's aggression can be best explained by
A. out-group homogeneity B. the ultimate attribution error C. scapegoating D. the illusory correlation phenomenon |
C. scapegoating
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Which of the following is least true about race and stereotyping, from a social psychological perspective?
A. Evolutionary theory holds that different human races have different genetic makeups that cause them to adopt different social behaviors. B. People often look for information that will allow them to convince themselves that there is a valid justification for holding a negative attitude toward a particular group C. Stereotype threat has been found to lower the performance of African Americans and women D. Categorizing people is a convenient way of learning about and remembering things about them |
A. Evolutionary theory holds that different human races have different genetic makeups that cause them to adopt different social behaviors.
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Increasing contact between groups will reduce prejudice if all of the following conditions are met except one. Which one?
A. Mutual interdependence B. Higher status of the minority group C. Multiple contacts D. Informal, interpersonal contact E. Social norms of equality |
B. Higher status of the minority group
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