Psy 110 Exam 4

Front 1

cross sectional study

Back 1

a type of developmental study in which researchers compare groups of participants of different ages on various characteristics to determine age-related differences.

Front 2

longitudinal study

Back 2

a type of developmental study in which the same group of participants is followed and measured at different ages.

Front 3

habituation

Back 3

a decrease in response or attention to a stimulus as an infant becomes accustomed to it.

Front 4

temperament

Back 4

a person's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment.

Front 5

attachment

Back 5

the early, close relationship formed between infant and caregiver.

Front 6

separation anxiety

Back 6

the fear and distress shown by infants and toddlers when the parent leaves, occuring from 8 to 24 months and reaching a peak between 12 and 18 months.

Front 7

stranger anxiety

Back 7

a fear of strangers common in infants at about 6 or 7 months of age, which increases in intensity until about 12 and a half months and then declines.

Front 8

Ainsworth's Patterns of attachment

Back 8

secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized/disoriented.

secure is most common

Front 9

sensorimotor stage

Back 9

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (ages birth to 2 years), in which infants gain an understanding of their world through their senses and their motor activities; culminates with the development of object permanence and the beginning of representational thought.

Front 10

preoperational stage

Back 10

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development (ages 2 to 6 years), which is characterized by the development and refinement of schemes for symbolic representation.

Front 11

concrete operations stage

Back 11

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development (ages 6 to 11 or 12 years), during which a child acquires

Front 12

formal operations stage

Back 12

Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development (ages 11 or 12 years and beyond), which is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations.

Front 13

authoritarian parents

Back 13

parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority.

Front 14

authoritative parents

Back 14

parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence.

Front 15

permissive parents

Back 15

parents who make few rules or demands and usually do not enforce those that are made; they allow children to make their own decisions and control their own behavior.

Front 16

lifespan perspective

Back 16

the view that developmental changes happen throughout the human lifespan and that interdisciplinary research is required to fully understand human development.

Front 17

Trust vs. mistrust

Back 17

birth to 1 year.

Infants learn to trust or mistrust depending on the degree and regularity of care, love, and affection provided by parents or caregivers.

Front 18

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Back 18

1 to 3 years

children learn to express their will and independence, to exercise some control, and to make choices. If not, they experience shame and doubt.

Front 19

initiative vs. guilt

Back 19

3 to 6 years

children begin to iniate activities, to plan and undertake tasks, and to enjoy developing motor and other abilities. If not allowed to initiate or if made to feel stupid and considered a nuisance, they may develop a sense of guilt.

Front 20

industry vs. inferiority

Back 20

6 years to puberty.

children develop industriousness and feel pride in accomplishing tasks, making things, and doing things. If not encouraged or if rebuffed by parents and teachers, they may develop a sense of inferiority.

Front 21

identity vs. role confusion

Back 21

adolescence

adolescents must make the transition from childhood to adulthood, establish an identity, develop a sense of self, and consider a future occupational identity. Otherwise, role confusion can result.

Front 22

intimacy vs. isolation

Back 22

young adulthood.

young adults must develop intimacy--the ability to share with, care for, and commit themselves to another person. Avoiding intimacy brings a sense of isolation and lonliness.

Front 23

generativity vs. stagnation

Back 23

middle adulthood.

middle aged people must find some way of contributing to the development of the next generation. Failing this, they may become self absorbed and emotionally impoverished and reach a point of stagnation.

Front 24

ego integrity vs. despair

Back 24

late adulthood

individuals review their lives, and if they are satisfied and feel a sense of accomplishment, they will experience ego integrity. If dissatisfied, they may sink into despair

Front 25

secondary sex characteristics

Back 25

those physical characteristics that are not directly invovled in reproduction but distinguish the mature male from the mature female.

Front 26

metamemory

Back 26

the ability to think about and control one's own memory processes.

Front 27

preconventional level

Back 27

kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, in which moreal reasoning is governed by the standards of others rather than the person's own internalized standards of right and wrong; acts are judged as good or bad based on their physical consequences.

Front 28

conventional level

Back 28

kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, in which the individual has internalized the standards of others and judges right and wrong in terms of those standards.

Front 29

postconventional level

Back 29

kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning, in which moral reasoning involves weighing moral alternatives and realizing that laws may conflict with basic human rights.

Front 30

primary aging

Back 30

biological and generally unavoidable.

Front 31

secondary aging

Back 31

the result of poor health related habits and lifestyle choices.

Front 32

Kubler Ross's Five stages

Back 32

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

Front 33

primary sex characteristics

Back 33

the internal and external reproductive organs; the genitals.

Front 34

secondary sex characteristics

Back 34

the physical characteristics that appear at puberty and are associated with sexual maturity but not directly involved in reproduction.

Front 35

gender roles

Back 35

cultural expectations about the behaviors appropriate to each gender.

Front 36

gender identity

Back 36

the sense of being male or female, aquired between the ages of 2 and 3.

Front 37

androgynous

Back 37

a combination of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in one person

Front 38

the excitement phase

Back 38

the first stage of the sexual response cycle, characterized by an erection in males and a swelling of the clitoris and vaginal lubrication in females.

Front 39

plateau phase

Back 39

the second stage of the sexual response cyle, during which muscle tension and blood flow to the genitals increase in preparation for orgasm.

Front 40

orgasm

Back 40

the third stage of the sexual response cycle, marked by a sudden discharge of accumulated sexual tension and involuntary muscle contractions.

Front 41

resolution phase

Back 41

the final stage of the sexual response cycle, during which the body returns to an unaroused state.

Front 42

hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Back 42

a sexual dysfunction marked by low or nonexistent sexual desire or interest in sexual activity.

Front 43

sexual aversion disorder

Back 43

a sexual dysfunction characterized by an aversion to and active avoidance of genital contact with a sexual partner.