Psy 105 Ch:3

Front 1

DNA:

Back 1

A large molecule that contains genes

Front 2

Chromosome:

Back 2

A coiled up thread of DNA

Front 3

Genome:

Back 3

All the genetic information in DNA

Front 4

Genes:

Back 4

Small segments of DNA that contain information for producing proteins.

Front 5

Alleles:

Back 5

Different or alternate forms of a gene

Front 6

Dominant Alleles:

Back 6

Alleles that show their effect even if there is only one allele for that trait in the pair.

Front 7

Recessive Alleles:

Back 7

Alleles that show their effects only when both alleles are the same

Front 8

Behavioral Genetics:

Back 8

The scientific study of the role of heredity in behavior

Front 9

Monogenic:

Back 9

The heredity passing on of traits determined by a single gene.

Front 10

Polygenic:

Back 10

The process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic.

Front 11

Heritability:

Back 11

The extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics

Front 12

Fraternal twins:

Back 12

Twins that develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm

Front 13

Identical twins:

Back 13

Twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two independent cells.

Front 14

Twin-adoptions studies:

Back 14

Research into hereditary influence on twins, both identical and fraternal, who were raised apart (adopted) and who were raised together.

Front 15

Gene-by-environment interaction research:

Back 15

The method of studying heritability by comparing genetic markers; it allows researchers to assess how genetic differences interact with the environment to produce certain behaviors in some people but not in other.

Front 16

Genotype:

Back 16

The entire genetic makeup of an organism

Front 17

Epigenetics:

Back 17

The study of changes in the way genes are turned on or off without a change in the sequence of DNA.

Front 18

Phenotype:

Back 18

An organism's observed characteristics

Front 19

(CNS) Central nervous system:

Back 19

The part of the nervous system that compromises the brain and spinal cord

Front 20

Peripheral nervous system:

Back 20

The part of the nervous system that compromises all the nerve cells in the body outside the central nervous system.

Includes the somatic and autonomic nervous system

Front 21

Somatic nervous system:

Back 21

The nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system that transmit sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS) and those that transmit information from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

Conveys information between the brain and the body

Front 22

(ANS) Autonomic nervous system:

Back 22

All the nerves of the peripheral nervous system that serve involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands.

2 subsystems- Sympathetic (arousing)

Parasympathetic (Calming)

Front 23

Sympathetic nervous system:

Back 23

The branch of the automatic nervous system that activates the bodily systems in times of emergency, fight or flight.

Front 24

Parasympathetic nervous system:

Back 24

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that usually relaxes or returns the body to a less reactive, restful state.

Front 25

Glial Cells:

Back 25

Central nervous system cells that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris.

Front 26

Neurons:

Back 26

The cells that process and transmit information int the nervous system.

Front 27

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Back 27

23

Front 28

According to the logic of twin-adoption studies, if genes play a strong role in a trait, then similarities should be greatest for identical twins raised...

Back 28

Together

Front 29

Gene-by-environment interaction research is used to study?

Back 29

How genetic differences interact with environments to produce behaviors

Front 30

The human nervous system:

Back 30

Is divided into two main parts, the central and the peripheral systems, controls all actions and automatic process of the body

Front 31

The amygdala:

Back 31

Is a component of the central nervous system

Front 32

Glial cells

Back 32

hold neurons in place and provide them with nourishment

Front 33

Stoma are also called

Back 33

The cell body of a neuron

Front 34

Axon:

Back 34

The long projection that extends from a neuron's soma that transmits electrical impulses towards the adjacent neuron.

Front 35

Finger-like projections from a neuron's soma that receive incoming messages from other neurons are called?

Back 35

Dendrites

Front 36

The fatty substance wrapped around axons, which insulates the axon, making the nerve impulse travel more efficiently is the?

Back 36

Myelin Sheath

Front 37

The junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another is called the?

Back 37

Synapse

Front 38

Terminal buttons:

Back 38

The little knobs at the end of the axon that contain tiny sacs of neurotransmitter

Front 39

Neurons are cells made up of:

Back 39

The soma (cell body)

One axon (carries impulses to other neurons)

Multiple dendrites (receive messages from other neurons)

And terminal buttons

Front 40

Sensory Neurons:

Back 40

Nerve cells that receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs

Front 41

Motor neurons:

Back 41

Nerve cells that carry commands for movement from the brain the the muscles of the body

Front 42

Mirror neurons:

Back 42

Nerve cells that are active when we observe others performing an action, as well as when we are performing the same action.

Front 43

Interneurons:

Back 43

Neurons that communicate only with other neurons

Front 44

Action Potential:

Back 44

The impulse of positive charge that runs one way down an axon

Front 45

Ions:

Back 45

Chemically charged particles that predominate in bodily fluids

Found both inside and outside cells

Front 46

Resting potential:

Back 46

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an axon when the neuron is at rest

Front 47

Refractory period:

Back 47

The span of time after an action potential has been generated, when the neuron is returning to its resting state and the neuron cannot generate an action potential

Front 48

All-or-none principle:

Back 48

Once the threshold has been crossed, either an action potential fires or it does not

Front 49

Synaptic Vesicles:

Back 49

Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters

Front 50

Enzymatic degradation:

Back 50

A way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse in which enzymes specific for that neurotransmitter and destroy it.

Front 51

Reuptake:

Back 51

A way of removing excess neurotransmitter from the synapse, in which excess neurotransmitters are returned to the sending or presynaptic, neuron for storage in vesicles and future use

Front 52

Grade potentials:

Back 52

Small charges in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential

Front 53

Glutamate:

Back 53

A major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that increases the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire

Important in learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development

Front 54

Medulla:

Back 54

A hindbrain structure that extends directly from the spinal cord

regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure

Front 55

Reflexes:

Back 55

Involuntary beahviors

Coughing, swallowing, sneezing, vomiting

Front 56

Pons:

Back 56

The hindbrain structures that serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activty

Front 57

Cerebellum:

Back 57

A hindbrain structure involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning of motor skills, and cognitive activities such as learning and language

Each of the large halves of the brain, covered with convolutions (folds)

Front 58

Recticular formation:

Back 58

A network of nerve fibers that run up through both the hindbrain and the midbrain; it it crucial to waking up an falling asleep

Front 59

Thalamus:

Back 59

A forebrain structure that receives information from the senses and relay is the the cerebral cortex for processing

Front 60

Serotonin:

Back 60

A neurotransmitter with wideranging effects; it is involved in dreaming and in controlling emotional states, especially anger anxiety, and depression

Front 61

GABA:

Back 61

A major inhibitory in the brain that tells postsynaptic neurons not to fire

It slows CNS activity and is necessary to regulate and control neural activity

Front 62

Acetylcholine (ACh):

Back 62

A neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role on mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming

Front 63

Dopamine:

Back 63

A neurotransmitter released in response to behavior that feel good or are rewarding to the person or animal

Also involved in voluntary motor control

Front 64

Epinephrine:

Back 64

Also know as adrenaline

A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action.

Front 65

Hypothalamus:

Back 65

The limbic structure that is the master regulator of almost all mastor rives and motives we have, such as hunger, thirst, temperature, and sexual behavior

also controls the pituitary gland

4 F's

Front 66

Hippocampus:

Back 66

The limbic structure that wraps itself around the thalamus

Plays a vital role in learning and memory

Memory

Front 67

Amygdala:

Back 67

Limbic system:

A small almond shape structure directly in front of the hippocampus

Has connections with many important brain regions and is important for processing emotional information, especially related to fear

emotion!

Front 68

Cingulate gyrus:

Back 68

Limbic system:

A beltlike structure in the middle of the brain that plays an important role in attention and cognitive control

Attention and focusing

Front 69

Basal Ganglia:

Back 69

A collection of structures surrounding the thalamus

They are involved in voluntary motor control

Front 70

Cerebral Cortex:

Back 70

The thin, outer layer of the cerebrum, in which much of human thought, planning, perception, and consciousness takes place

Front 71

Insula:

Back 71

A small structure inside the cerebrum that plays an important role in the perception of bodily sensations, emotional states, empathy, and addictive behavior

Front 72

Corpus callosum:

Back 72

A group of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

Front 73

Aphasia:

Back 73

A deficit in the ability to speak or comprehend language

Front 74

Broca's area:

Back 74

The area in the left frontal lobe responsible for the ability to produce speech

speech production

Front 75

Wernicke's area:

Back 75

The area deep in the left temporal lobe responsible for the ability to speak in meaningful sentences and to comprehend the meaning of speech

Front 76

Neuroplasticity:

Back 76

The brains ability to adopt new functions, reorganize itself, or make new neural connections throughout life, as a function of experience.

Front 77

Neurogenesis:

Back 77

The development of new neurons

Front 78

Aborization:

Back 78

The growth and formation of new dentrites

Front 79

Synaptogenesis:

Back 79

The formation of entirely new synapses or connections with other neurons

Front 80

EEG Electrogenephalography:

Back 80

A method for measuring brain activity in which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded from electrodes placed on a persons scalp

Front 81

ERP Event-related potential:

Back 81

A technique that extracts electrical activity from raw EEG data to measure cognitive processes

Front 82

MRI Magnetic resonance Imaging:

Back 82

A brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the structure of the brain and other soft tissues

Front 83

fMRI Functional MRI:

Back 83

A brain imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of activity in area of the brain and other soft tissue

Front 84

PET Positron emission tomography:

Back 84

A brain imaging technique that measures blood flow to active areas in the brain

Front 85

Endocrine system:

Back 85

A system of glands that secrete and regulate hormones in the body

Front 86

Hormones:

Back 86

Chemical, secreted by gland, that travel in the bloodstream and carry messages to tissues and organs all over the body

Front 87

Pituitary Gland:

Back 87

The master endocrine gland of the body

Controls the release of hormones from glands throughout the body

Front 88

Adrenal Glands:

Back 88

Endocrine structures that release hormones important in regulating the stress response and emotions

Front 89

Catecholamines:

Back 89

Chemicals released from the adrenal glands that function as hormones and as neurotransmitters to control ANS atvity

Front 90

Cortisol:

Back 90

A stress hormone produced by the body to ensure that the body gets enough fuel during emotional arousal and stress

Front 91

Two different kinds of somatic nervous system:

Back 91

Afferent - go from body to brain (sensation)

Efferent- go form brain to body (voluntary movement)

Front 92

Midbrain:

Back 92

Voluntary muscle control and wakefulness

Reticular formation- regualtes brain activity

(Alterness)

Dopaminergic pathways- movment and reward

(Substantia nigra)

Front 93

Forebrain:

Back 93

Largest region

includes:

thalamus

limbic system

cerebrum and cortex

Front 94

Primary motor cortex:

Back 94

Controls voluntary movement

Front 95

Parietal Lobe:

Back 95

Primary somatosensory cortex recieves information about physical sensation

Attention and spatial awareness

Hemineglect: see one side

Front 96

Motor and sensory cortices are located...

Back 96

Next to each other

Front 97

Temporal lobe:

Back 97

Auditory cortex

Werkicke's area: language understanding

Some visual information

Fusiform gyrus- face recognition or Pareidollia: misperception of faces

Front 98

Occipital lobe:

Back 98

Visual cortex

Reversed

Front 99

Hemispherical specialization:

Back 99

Abilities favor one hemisphere over the other

Left: Language and speech/ Math reasoning/ writing

Right: Spatial awareness/ Visual recognition/ Speech modulation/ Inferences or insights

Front 100

Behavior does or does not reside in one side of the brain?

Back 100

Does not

Front 101

Neuron communication is?

Back 101

Electrochemical

Front 102

Chemicals that mimic the action of a neurotransmitter are called?

Back 102

Agonists

Front 103

Chemicals that oppose/ block the action of a neurotransmitter are called?

Back 103

Antagonists