Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The Black Box
|
A stimulus enters the brain, and something happens in the middle, like a monkey and out comes the response. Theory that we find out about the brain by observing what goes in and what comes out.
|
|
|
Pavlov's dogs
|
A bell rings and the dog is rewarded with a spray of meal powder.This is repeated until the dog will salivate for the bell ringing. It associates the bell with the powder
|
|
|
Association
|
learning that certain events occur together
|
|
|
Classical conditioning
|
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
|
|
|
Behaviorism
|
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
|
|
|
Unconditioned response
|
The unlearned, naturally occurring response to stimulus, like salivating when you have food in your mouth
|
|
|
Conditioned stimulus
|
The originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
|
|
|
Unconditioned stimulus
|
A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response
|
|
|
Acquisition
|
The initial stage in classical conditioning: the phase; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so the neutral stimulus evokes a conditioned response
|
|
|
Extinction
|
The diminishing of a conditioned response
|
|
|
Spontaneous recovery
|
The reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response
|
|
|
Generalization
|
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to eleicit similar responses
|
|
|
Discrimination
|
Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
|
|
|
Operant Conditioning
|
Training through rewards and punishments
|
|
|
Respondent behavior
|
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
|
|
|
Operant behavior
|
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
|
|
|
Law of effect
|
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and vice versa
|
|
|
Operant chamber
|
Chamber also known as a Skinner Box. Contains a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward to record rate of pressing or turning the button or key
|
|
|
Shaping
|
An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces
|
|
|
Reinforcer
|
In operant conditioning any event that strengthens behavior it follows
|
|
|
Primary reinforcement
|
An innately reinforcing stimulus, like something that satisfies a biological need like hunger
|
|
|
Conditioned reinforce
|
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association
|
|
|
Fixed ratio schedule
|
In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
|
|
|
Variable ratio schedule
|
A reinforcement schedule that reinforces responses randomly
|
|
|
Cognitive map
|
A mental representation of the layout of one's environment
|
|
|
Mirror neurons
|
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain activities or when observing someone else doing so. Enables imitation, empathy, and language learning
|
|
|
Flashbulb memory
|
The clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
|
|
|
Encoding
|
The processing of information into the memory system
|
|
|
Sensory memory
|
The immediate brief recording of sensory in the memory system
|
|
|
Working Memory
|
a newer understanding of short term memory that nvolves active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information
|
|
|
Automatic processing
|
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency.
|
|
|
Serial position effect
|
Our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list
|
|
|
mnemonics
|
Memory aids
|
|
|
iconic memory
|
A momentary sensory memory of visula stimuli
|
|
|
echoic memory
|
A momentary sensory memory of a short audio clip 3 to 4 seconds
|
|
|
Retroactive interference
|
New info interferes with old info being processed
|
|
|
Proactive interference
|
Old info interferes with new info being processed.
|
|
|
Retrograde amnesia
|
Can't remember the past
|
|
|
Terograde amnesia
|
Can't put new memories in
|
|
|
Implicit memory
|
Retention independent of conscious recollection
|
|
|
Explicit recollection
|
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
|
|
|
Priming
|
The activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
|
|
|
Mood congruent memory
|
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
|
|
|
Repression
|
A basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing, thoughts feelings, and memories
|
|
|
Source amnesia
|
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
|
|
|
Habituation
|
Repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response
|
|
|
Sensitization
|
presentation of a potent stimulus leads to a larger response when presented with a mild stimulus
|
|
|
Long Term Potentiation
|
Associative learning
|
|
|
Phoneme
|
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
|
|
|
Semantics
|
The study of meaning
|
|
|
Syntax
|
Rules for combining words into sensible sentences
|
|
|
HM
|
Had his hippocampus removed and he could not form new memories. Could do many things, but he couldn't encode new memories
|
|
|
MS
|
Removed part of occipital lobe and he can't be perceptually primed. He can remember long term though
|
|
|
Perisylvian damage
|
2 digit span of memory
|
|
|
Linguistic determination
|
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
|
|
|
Primacy effect
|
The first word on a list is easiest to remember
|
|
|
Atkinson Shiffin Model of Memory
|
Memory is based on the environment and sensation, sensation registers and consciousness, short term memory, encoding, retrieval, long term memory
|
|
|
Static Dependent Memory
|
Surrounding memory can be used as a clue or memory
|
|
|
Stroop effect
|
If a color word is a color with which the word conflicts, subjects find it more difficult
|
|
|
False memory caused often with
|
Passage of event and time, corroboration with another individual pressure to remember and imaging the event Confidence often greater for false memory than real memory
|
|
|
Flashbulb Memory
|
Major events induce a feeling of strong memories about one learned about events
|
|
|
Lexical Ambiguity
|
Words like 'light', 'note', 'bear' and 'over' are lexically ambiguous. They induce ambiguity in phrases or sentences in which they occur, such as 'light suit' and 'The duchess can't bear children'.
|
|
|
Structural ambiguity
|
The phrase 'porcelain egg container' is structurally ambiguous, as is the sentence 'The police shot the rioters with guns'. Ambiguity can have both a lexical and a structural basis, as with sentences like 'I left her behind for you' and 'He saw her duck'.
|
|
|
Transitional probability
|
The probability of a particular syllable, given the prior syllable. This is how children learn language. P(Y/X)
|
|
|
Broca's Area
|
Grammatical relationship of words
ie-You can't put words in order right, but you know the meaning |
|
|
Wernicke's Area
|
Meaning not understood-You can put words in order right, but can't decipher the meaning
|
|
|
Product Tradition
|
Psychological reality of linguistic structures
|
|
|
Action tradition
|
How people use language in everyday interactions
|
|
|
Gricean Implicature
|
Difference between sentence meaning and speaker meaning
|
|
|
Gricean maxims
|
1.Tell the truth-Quality
2. Say what you need and no more-Quantity 3. Your words should be relevant to the conversation-Relation 4. Speak clearly-Manner |
|
|
Whorfian Hypothesis
|
Our cognition is constrained by our language
Differences between gender words in other languages |
|
|
Cognition
|
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatingrepresentative heuristic
|
|
|
Concept
|
A mental grouping of similar events, objects, ideas, or people
|
|
|
Prototype
|
A mental image or best example of a category
|
|
|
Algorithm
|
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
|
|
|
AlgorithmHeuristic
|
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems more efficiently
|
|
|
Insight
|
A sudden often novel realization of the solution to a problem
|
|
|
Confiirmation bias
|
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, an impediment to problem solving
|
|
|
Fixation
|
The inability to approach a problem in a particular way, often a method that has been successful in the past
|
|
|
Mental set
|
The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a method that has been successful in the past
|
|
|
Functional fixedness
|
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving
|
|
|
Representative heuristic
|
Judging the likelihood of something in terms of how well they seem ton represent or match particular prototypes.May lead one to ignore other relevant information
|
|
|
Availability heuristic
|
Estimating the likelihood of an event happening based on their availability in memory, If instances come to mind readily, we assume it is more common
|
|
|
Framing
|
The way an issue is posed can change significantly decisions.
|
|
|
Belief Bias
|
The tendency for one's own beliefs to distort logical reasoning
|
|
|
Belief perserverance
|
Clinging to one's own initial conception, even when proved wrong
|
|
|
Reduced discriminations
|
Minimize the number of labels of objects in the world
|
|
|
Informativeness
|
knowledge of a category membership allows inferences to be made
|
|
|
Superordinate categories
|
Vehicles, Animals, Food
|
|
|
Vasic Level Categories
|
Cars, Cats, Steak
|
|
|
Subordinate Categories
|
Toyotas, Calicos, Porterhouses
|
|
|
he evolutionary theory
|
The brain evolved like everything else and one thing we have acquired is a cheater detection module
|
|
|
Prospect Theory
|
Overweighting of small percentages, underweighting high ones-We fear shark attacks more than having a package dropped on us from a plane
|
|
|
Extremeness Aversion
|
Choices change based on surroundings.
|
|
|
Bounded rationality
|
Given Limits on attention, memory and processing, we take mental shortcuts
|
|
|
Availability
|
Plane package dropping on us vs Shark attack. We think sharks are more available because of movies and stuff
|
|
|
Anchoring
|
We anchor our choices on numbers that are sometimes very arbitrary. Not based on reasoning at all.
|
|
|
Amnesia
|
Typically associated with bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobe, the medial thalamus also important
|
|
|
Damage to the basal forebrain could lead to
|
memory impairment and personality change
|
