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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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Data based scientific study of behavior
Conclusions about behavior are derived from scientific evidence Practical applications of psychology have been derived from and tested by scientific methods |
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Comparative
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Do animals other than people play games?
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Cognitive Psychology
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What types of strategies do people use when playing games?
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Developmental Psychology
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How does play change across the lifespan?
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Cross-cultural
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Do people raised in different cultures play similar games?
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Systematic Empiricism
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Structured observation
Tests different explanations of the nature of the world |
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Scientific Theory
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an interrelated set of concepts that is used to explain a body of data AND MAKE PREDICTIONS about future experiments
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Physiological
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What events happen in the brain when people play games?
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Behavior Analysis
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What events happen that increase/decrease the likelihood that people will play games?
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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What brain injuries interfere with game playing?
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Social
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What kinds of cues affect the types of games that people will play with each other?
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Clinical
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What effects does play have upon our mental health?
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Science
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A WAY OF THINKING about and observing the universe that leads to a deep understanding of its workings
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Conclusions about behavior are derived from scientific evidence
Practical applications of psychology have been derived from and tested by scientific methods |
What is Psychology?
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Behavior is multiply determined
A significant causal relationship between two variables does not mean that this cause is the ONLY cause |
Why do we look at a question from different points of view?
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Multiple Causation
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Behavior is multiply determined
A significant causal relationship between two variables does not mean that this cause is the ONLY cause |
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Falsifiability
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Solvable Problems/Testable Theories
Theories must be stated in a way that predictions derived from them could potentially be shown to be false Data may falsify the theory |
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Data may falsify the theory
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Why is it important for a theory or hypothesis to be falsifiable?
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Scientific Method
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Set of procedural research rules scientists should follow
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Correlational Research
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Studies the relationship between two variables
Useful in directing future research |
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Spurious Correlations
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Correlations that arise because variables are related to a third variable
Causal link does not exist between two variables |
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Directionality Problem
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Assumption that variable A caused variable B
In reality, variable B may have caused variable A |
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Independent
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Manipulated by experimenter
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Dependent
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Measured by experimenter
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Confounds
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Extra unwanted independent variables that were not intended to be studied
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Operational definitions
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Definitions of the variables in terms of operations a researcher performs in order to measure them
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Counterbalancing
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The order of the stimuli can confound the results
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Validity
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How appropriate are the operational definitions?
Are the operational definitions an accurate representation of what we want to measure? |
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Reliability
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Are the measurements repeatable?
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Descriptive Statistics
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What Are the Results?
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Inferential Statistics
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Distinguishing Chance from Significance
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Statistical significance
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when an observed relation or difference between two variables is not due to chance
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Case Studies
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Useful in early stages of developing psychological theory
Can indicate where more study is needed |
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Correlational Research
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Studies the relationship between two variables
Useful in directing future research |
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Experimental Studies
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Comparison
Different conditions rule out certain explanations and confirm others Control Attempt to weed out maximum number of alternative explanations Manipulation Restructure the world in ways that will differentiate alternative hypotheses |
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Comparison
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Different conditions rule out certain explanations and confirm others
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Control
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Attempt to weed out maximum number of alternative explanations
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Manipulation
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Restructure the world in ways that will differentiate alternative hypotheses
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Independent
Dependent Confounds Experimental Group Control Group Operational Definition Validity |
Things to keep in mind when designing an experiment?
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Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics Statistical Significance |
How do you analyze results and determine what they mean?
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Neurons
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Cells that compose the CNS
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Soma
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cell body
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Axon
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carries info away from cell body toward other cells
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Dendrite
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Receive and orient info toward cell body
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Action Potential
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Reversal in electrical charge of an axon
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Synapse
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Tiny junctions between two neurons
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Receptor
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Place where channel opens and action potential is created
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical substances that carry info across the synaptic gap from one neuron to the next
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antagonist
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blocks a neurotransmitter's effects
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reuptake
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molecule of neurotransmitter being taken back into terminal button
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agonist
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mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects
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Endogenous Cannabinoids
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Anandamide
Learning Appetite Cannabis sativa Marijuana: THC |
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GABA
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Inhibits neurons from firing
Anxiety Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Valium Xanax Alcohol |
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Acetylcholine
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Muscular function
Botulinum toxin Curare Memory function Nicotine Rivastigmine Alzheimer’s Disease |
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Dopamine
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Motivation, Motor Function, Thought
Parkinson’s Disease Schizophrenia Drug Addiction Drugs that affect L-DOPA Zyprexa Cocaine |
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Serotonin
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Mood, Sleep
Depression, Insomnia Drugs that affect Zoloft Prozac Ecstasy |
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Endogenous Opioid Peptides
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Analgesia, “runner’s high
Opiate Addiction Drugs that affect Heroin Morphine Vicodin Naloxone |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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The network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
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Central Nervous System
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The brain and spinal cord
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Frontal Lobe
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Part of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead that is involved in the control of voluntary muscles, intelligence, and personality
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Parietal Lobe
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Area of the cerebral cortex at the top of the head that is involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control
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Temporal Lobe
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Portion of the cerebral cortex just above the ears that is involved in hearing, language processing, and memory
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Occipital Lobe
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Part of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head that is involved in vision
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Lateralization of Function
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Language is left-side of the brain
Right side is associated with emotion Corpus Callosum enables communication between both sides of brain |
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Limbic System
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Loosely connected network of structures- including the amygdala and hippocampus- that play important roles in memory and emotion
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Brain Stem
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Region of the brain that includes much of the hindbrain and the midbrain
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Cerebellum
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Rounded structure involved in motor coordination
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body
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Neural impulse travels down axon toward dendrites of next neuron. In terminal button, impulse triggers release of neurotransmitters into synaptic gap. At receptor site on dendrite of receiving neuron, neurotransmitter causes channels to open and creates an action potential
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Process by which an action potential occurs?
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Movement of sodium and potassium ions responsible for the action potential.
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What ions are involved and how do they change inside and outside the neuron?
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Cerebral Cortex
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Extensive, wrinkled outer layer of the forebrain; governs higher brain functions, such as thinking, learning, and consciousness
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Thalamus
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Relays information between lower and higher brain centers
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Hypothalamus
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Governs eating, drinking, and sex; plays a role in emotion and stress
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Reticular Formation
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Diffuse collection of neurons involved in arousal and stereotyped patterns, such as walking
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Medulla
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Governs breathing and reflexes
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Pons
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Governs sleep and arousal
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Hippocampus
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Involved in memory
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Amygdala
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Involved in fear and the discrimination of objects necessary for organism's survival
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