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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the textbook define intelligence?
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The ablility to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment
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Which two scientists were the first to attempt to measure intelligence?
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Sir Francis Galton
Alfred Binet |
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What is the definition of the “mental age” that Alfred Binet tested?
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The average level of intelligence for a certain age level in children
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What is the Stanford-Binet test?
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Standard for measuring mental aptitude in the United States
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What was the original “formula” for IQ?
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IQ = (mental age : chronological age) X 100
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Do modern IQ tests still use the concept of mental age? Why or why not?
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No. It is less useful for people over age 16.
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What is the average IQ score?
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100
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What is the psychometric approach to the study of intelligence?
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Identifies and measures abilities that underlie individual differences in performance
Provides a measurement-based map of the mind |
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How is factor analysis used in the psychometric approach?
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Indicates what tests are measuring
It finds out which test socres cluster together and which are correlated to others |
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What is the difference between general intelligence and specific intelligence?
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General intelligence is basic knowledge and specific knowledge is complex
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What is the g factor?
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General intelligence
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Crystallized intelligence
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Applying previously acquired knowledge to current problems
(i.e. vocab and info tests) |
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Fluid intelligence
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Problem solving in which personal experience does not provide a solution
(depends on central nervous system) |
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What is the three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities?
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A hierachical model that establishes three levels of mental skills: GENERAL, BROAD, and NARROW
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What is the cognitive process approach to the study of intelligence?
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Explore the specific information-processing and cognitive processes that underlie intellectual ability
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What are the three components to Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
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Metacomponents, Performance components, Knowledge-acuqisition components
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What is emotional intelligence?
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Being aware of yours and others' emotionos, self-motivation, controlling emotions
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What test is the most widely used intelligence test in the United States today?
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Wechsler tests
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What are the two classes of subtests on this test?
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verbal and performance
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What is the difference between an achievement test and an aptitude test?
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Achievement measure what you've already learned
Aptitude measures potential for learning |
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What is the textbook’s definition of a psychological test?
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Method for measuring individual differences related to some psychological concept based on a sample of relevant behavior in a controlled situation
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What is reliability?
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Consistency of measurement
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What are the three types of reliability?
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Test-retest reliability
Internal consistency Interjudge reliability |
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What is validity?
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How well a test measures what it's supposed to measure
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What are the three types of validity?
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Construct validity
Content validity Criterion-related validity |
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What is standardization?
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The development of norms
Rigorously contolled testing procedures |
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How is standardization related to norms and the normal distribution?
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27
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What is the Flynn Effect?
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Rising curve of IQ throughout the years
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By how much has IQ been “increasing” over the past century?
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3 points per decade
28 points since 1910 |
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What is static testing?
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Traditional testing
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What is the advantage of dynamic testing?
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Examiner gives respondent feedback on how to improve and observes if he/she utilizes it
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How are genes and environment related to a person’s intelligence?
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More genes people have in common, more similar IQs are
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What are the two types of test bias?
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Outcome bias (underestimates inellectual ability)
Predictive bias (successfully predicts criteria for some groups but not others) |
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Do men and women have identical performances on intelligence tasks?
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Men - spatial tasks and target-directed motor skills
Women - perceptual speed and ideational fluency |
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What level of IQ is considered “gifted”?
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130 and higher
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What level of intelligence is considered “mentally retarded”?
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Between 50 and 70
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How does the textbook define motivation?
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The process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior
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Instincts
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inherited characteristic that automatically produces a particular response when exposed to stimulus
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Homeostasis
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Internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain
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Drives
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States of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension
Caused by disruption to homeostasis |
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How do instincts, homeostasis, and drives influence our behavior?
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Regulate hunger/thirst
Increase arousal |
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BAS (behavioral activation system)
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roused to action by signals of reward and positive need gratification
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BIS (behavioral inhibition system)
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responds to stimuli that signal potential pain, nonreinforcement, and punishment
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Expectancy x value theory
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Goal directed behavior is JOINTLY influenced by:
1. person's expectancy that a particular behavior will get you to the goal 2. How positively/negatively you value the goal |
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Extrinsic motivation
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Performing an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment
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Intrinsic motivation
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Performing an activity for its own sake
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How are Freudian instincts different from biological instincts?
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Freudians instincts are disguised by acceptable behavior
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7. What is the drive-reduction theory?
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48
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8. What is the Thematic Apperception Test?
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49
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Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
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A progression containing deficiency needs at the bottom and human growth needs at the top
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What is the ultimate human motive according to Maslow?
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Self-actualization - represents need to fulfill potential, to live "deeply"
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10. What is the difference (discussed in lecture) between d-motives and b-motives?
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52
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Self-determination theory
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Focuses on three fundemental psychological needs: COMPETENCE, AUTONOMY, and RELATEDNESS
Humanists |
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Metabolism
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The body's rate pf energy (caloric) utilization
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Set point
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Biologically determined standard around which body weight is regulated
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Basal metabolic Rate
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56
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How is the Basal metabolic rate affected by age
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57
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Glucose
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Sugar that is the body's and brain's major source of fuel
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Cholecystoinin (CCK)
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Peptide that helps produce satiety
Travels to brain to decrease food intake |
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Leptin
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Hormone secreted by fat cells
Decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure |
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How do environmental factors affect food intake?
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When, how, and what we eat
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Intense fear of being fat and restrict food intake to starvation
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Bulimia nervosa
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Binge-eating and purging food
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Four stages of Sexual response cycle
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Excitement
Plateau Orgasm Resolution |
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What does the term sexual orientation refer to?
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Emotional and erotic preference for partners of a particular sex
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Why do we affiliate with other people?
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To obtain positive stimulation
To receive emotional support To gain attention To permit social comparison |
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Sexual strategies theory
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Mating strategies and preferences that reflect inherited tendencies
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Social structure theory
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Men and women display different mating preferences beacause society directs them into different social roles
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Need for Achievment
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Positive desire to accomplish tasks and compete successfully with standards of excellence
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Achievement goal theory
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Focus on manner in which success is defined both by individual and within achievement situation itself
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What is the difference between a mastery orientation and an ego orientation?
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Mastery - personal improvement, maximum effort
Ego - outperforming others |
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What is the motivational climate?
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Rewards either mastery or ego approach
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What are the three basic types of motivational conflict?
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Approach-approach
(2 favorable options) Avoidance-avoidance (2 shitty options) Approach-avoidance (being attracted and repelled by same goal) |
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Emotions
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Feeling states that involve a pattern of cognitive, psysiologicalm and behavioral reactions to events
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Eliciting stimuli
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Stimuli that trigger COGNITIVE APPRAISALS and EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
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Cognitive appraisals
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Interpretations and meanings that we attach to sensory stimuli
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What areas of the brain are involved in emotional responses?
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Amygdala
Thalamus Cerebral Cortex |
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Expressive behaviors
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Observable emotional displays
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27. How does culture influence the expression of emotions?
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79
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James-Lange Somatic Theory
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Our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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Subjective experience of emotion and physiological arousal DON'T cause one another
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Facial-Feedback Hypothesis
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Feedback from facial muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining NATURE and INTESITY of emotions
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What makes people happy?
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Development of close relationships
Make time for enjoyable activities Nurture physical well being Open to downward comparison |
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What is the difference between downward comparison and upward comparison?
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Upward - viewing ourselves as worse off than standard
Downward - seeing ourselves better off than the standard |
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1. What is the textbook’s definition of personality?
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85
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2. What are the three structures that Freud divided personality into?
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86
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Reality principle
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87
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Pleasure principle
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88
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Defense mechanism (TABLE 12.1 on pg 445!)
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89
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5 Psychosexual stages
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90
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5. How are fixation and regression related to Freud’s psychosexual stages?
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106
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Oedipus complex
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107
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What stage does Oedipus complex occur
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108
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7. How was Carl Jung’s theory on personality different from Freud’s? (i.e. personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes)
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109
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Phenomenology
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110
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9. What is George Kelly’s personal construct theory?
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111
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What test did Kelly use to measure individuals’ personal construct systems?
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112
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10. What is the central concept of Carl Roger’s theory?
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113
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11. How are self-consistency and congruence related to Roger’s theory?
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114
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How is the need for positive regard related to Roger's theory?
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115
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12. What did Carl Rogers define as a “fully functioning person”?
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116
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Self-esteem
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117
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Self-verification
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118
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Self enhancement
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119
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Personality traits
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120
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15. What is the factor analysis approach to defining personality traits?
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121
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Five factor model
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122
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17. Are personality traits typically stable over time?
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123
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Evolutionary personality theory
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124
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Strategic pluralism
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125
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Temperament
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126
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19. How is temperament considered to be the building blocks of personality?
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127
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20. What is the focus of the social-cognitive theories?
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128
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Reciprocal determinism
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129
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21. What is Rotter’s concept of internal-external locus of control?
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130
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22. According to Albert Bandura, what is a key factor in how people regulate their lives?
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131
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Behavior-outcome expectancies
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132
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Self-reinforcement processes
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133
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24. How does culture influence personality?
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134
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Gender schema
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135
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What are the different types of personality assessment?
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136
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1. What does the vulnerability-stress model suggest about psychological disorders?
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137
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2. What does the term “abnormal” mean?
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138
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3. What is the major psychiatric classification system used in the United States?
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139
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4. How do reliability and validity play a role in diagnosing psychological disorders?
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140
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5. In legal terms, what do competency and insanity refer to?
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141
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Anxiety
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142
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Anxiety disorders
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143
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5 main types of anxiety disorders
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144
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Phobic disorder
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145
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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146
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Panic disorder
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147
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Obsession Compulsive Disorder
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148
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Obsessions
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149
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Compulsions
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150
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11. What are the four major symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder?
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151
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12. Are biological factors related to the cause of anxiety disorders?
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152
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Neurotic anxiety
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153
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Somatoform Disorder
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154
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Hypochondrias
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155
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Pain Disorder
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156
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Conversion Disorder
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157
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Dissociative disorder
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158
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Psychogenic fugue
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159
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Psychogenic amnesia
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160
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Dissociative identity disorder
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161
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What causes DID?
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162
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Mood disorder
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163
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Depression
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164
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Different types of depression
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165
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Bipolar disorder
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166
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How is mania related to bipolar disorder?
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167
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19. What does it mean to have personality-based vulnerability to mood disorders?
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168
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Depressive cognitive triad
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169
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Depressive attributional pattern
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170
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Learned helplessness theory
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171
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Schizophrenia
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172
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Delusions
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173
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Hallucinations
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174
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How are delusions and hallucinations related to schizophrenia?
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175
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4 Subtypes of schizophrenia
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176
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23. What is the difference between positive symptoms and negative symptoms?
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177
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24. What are the causes of schizophrenia?
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178
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Dopamine hypothesis
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179
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25. What are the possible sociocultural causes of schizophrenia?
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180
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25. What are the possible sociocultural causes of schizophrenia?
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181
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Personality disorder
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182
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Antisocial personality disorder
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183
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Borderline personality disorder
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184
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Attention deficit/hpyeractivity disorder
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185
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Is ADHD more common in boys or girls?
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186
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Autistic disorder
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187
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Is autistic disorder more common in boys or girls?
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188
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Common characteristics of autistic disorder
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189
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Possible causes of autistic disorder
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190
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What did Sir Frances Galton focus on?
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Hereditary Genius
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Competence motivation
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Need to master new challenges to perfect skills
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Autonomy
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Represents an attempt to achieve greater freedom and regulation by the self
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Relatedness
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Self's desire to form meaningful bonds with others
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What is social comparison?
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Comparing our beliefs, feelings, and behaviors with those of other people
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