Psy 101 Chapters 1-3 Meyers

Front 1

Heritability Estimate

Back 1

The proportion of total variance that a trait is attributable to genetic variation in a group

Front 2

Genes

Back 2

Segments of DNA that code information

Front 3

Chromosomes

Back 3

Larger structures that contain genes

Front 4

Ethology

Back 4

Scientific study of animal behavior

Front 5

Cross Fostering

Back 5

Selective breeding where offspring are removed from their biological parents and raised by surrogates(used for observing behavior based on genes)

Front 6

Cross Species Exposure

Back 6

Cross exposure shows that some behavior are learned from association with other species This suggests a leaned component.

Front 7

Spatial Proximity

Back 7

How close you get in physical proximity to the target brain area

Front 8

Temporal Resolution

Back 8

How close in time you can get to when the neurons fire

Front 9

Invasiveness

Back 9

How much foreign substances are given to the body. Regard for personal space and risk

Front 10

Single Cell recording

Back 10

Place a singular electrode on a single neuron and measure frequency of firing

Front 11

Spatial Resolution

Back 11

How close in proximity you can get to the brain area.

Front 12

Temporal Resolution

Back 12

How close in time you can get to when the neurons fire.

Front 13

Invasiveness

Back 13

How much foreign substances are introduced to the body

Front 14

Single Cell Recording

Back 14

Place an electrode on a single neuron and measure the frequenc of firing

Front 15

Single Cell Stimulation

Back 15

Activate an individual cell and observe behavior

Front 16

Types of Lesions

Back 16

Strokes
Aspiration-suck it out
Electrolyte-fry it
Radio frequency-cook it
Neurochemical-kill it with chems
Cryogenic-freeze it(temporary)

Front 17

EEG

Back 17

measures signals Excellent temporal, poor spatial, highly invasive

Front 18

MEG

Back 18

Measures magnetic field of brain Poor spatial, excellent temporal and non invasive

Front 19

PET scan

Back 19

Measures flow of resources to brain. Injects radioactive dye that lights up.
Poor temporal, good spatial, very invasive

Front 20

fMRI

Back 20

Measures oxygen flow to brain areas. Good spatial, poor temporal and non invasive

Front 21

Optical Imaging

Back 21

Measure detects signal on the surface of the cerebral cortex. Only bald or blond peeps Limited spatial, excellent temporal resolution and completely non-invasive

Front 22

TMS

Back 22

Sends current through scalp and makes you do involuntary ish Good spatial, excellent temporal and highly invasive

Front 23

Dissasociation

Back 23

If your TV set suddenly loses the color you can conclude that picture transmission and color information must be separate processes (single dissociation: they cannot be independent because you cannot lose the picture and still have the color). If on the other hand you have two TV sets, one without sound and one without a picture you can conclude that these must be two independent functions (double dissociation).

Front 24

Voxel Set Analysis

Back 24

Measures similarity of patterns across whole brain

Front 25

Electrical communication

Back 25

Neurons have specialized membranes that make them polarized

Front 26

Synapse

Back 26

Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors on postsynaptic cell-changes membrane potential

Front 27

Types of neurotransmitters

Back 27

glutamate, dopamine, serotonin, etc

Front 28

Apopstasis

Back 28

Programmed cell death

Front 29

Other cell death methods

Back 29

Injury or Trauma

Disease-Alzheimer's

Front 30

Glial Scars

Back 30

After injury glia work to clean cellular debris and seal blood brain barrier-they also inhibit growth

Front 31

Alzheimer's

Back 31

destroys brain tissue starting with hippocampus. Cell death due to abnormal proteins in the brain. Proteins create plaques that strangle neurons

Front 32

Fusiform Gyrus

Back 32

faces

Front 33

Split brain

Back 33

Severing the corpus collosum

Front 34

Rods(eye)

Back 34

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray.

Front 35

Cones(eye)

Back 35

Retinal receptors that function in daylight and detect fine detail and color.

Front 36

Acuity

Back 36

Sharpness of vision

Front 37

Optic nerve

Back 37

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

Front 38

Fovea

Back 38

Central focal point in the retina

Front 39

Feature Detector

Back 39

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

Front 40

Parallel processing

Back 40

Doing several things at once. Processing by many functions, including vision.

Front 41

Visual agnosias

Back 41

inability to learn about and recognize objects by sight

Front 42

Young-Helmholltz trichomatic(three color) theory

Back 42

The theory that the retina contains three color receptors that are combined to produce any color.

Front 43

Opponent process theory

Back 43

The theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision.

Front 44

Color constancy

Back 44

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even when light wavelength varies

Front 45

Realative Thresholds

Back 45

The extent to which a stimulus must increase for the change to be noticebale

Weber's Law-->change in I / (I) =K

Front 46

Adaptation

Back 46

The ability to adjust to stimuli such as they are no longer uncomfortable or even noticeable.

Front 47

Frequency

Back 47

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point on a given time

Front 48

Pitch

Back 48

a tone's experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency

Front 49

Middle ear

Back 49

The chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing 3 little bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrums

Front 50

cochlea

Back 50

A coiled, bony fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sounds waves trigger nerve impulses

Front 51

inner ear

Back 51

Innermost part of ear, contains cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

Front 52

Place theory

Back 52

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Front 53

Frequency theory

Back 53

In hearing the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling to sense pitch

Front 54

Conduction hearing loss

Back 54

Hearing loss caused by to the mechanical system that conducts sounds waves to the cochlea

Front 55

Sensorineural hearing loss

Back 55

hearing loss due to damage to the cochlea's receptor cells

Front 56

cochlear implant

Back 56

A device used for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through elctrodes threaded into the cochlea

Front 57

Sensory suppression

Back 57

Two stimuli presented together ina neuron's receptive field interact in a mutually suppressive way.

Front 58

Baseline firing

Back 58

When attention is focused on a certain visual area, neurons that fire in response to that are have a higher base rate of firing even without visual stimuli.

Front 59

Dichotic listening

Back 59

Listening to two things from both ears.

Front 60

Visual capture

Back 60

the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

Front 61

Place theory

Back 61

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea membrane is stimulated

Front 62

Frequency theory

Back 62

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense the pitch.

Front 63

Conduction hearing loss

Back 63

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.

Front 64

Cochlear implant

Back 64

A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

Front 65

Gate Control Theory

Back 65

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. After a certain point, you don't fell pain because the gate closes

Front 66

Sensory interaction

Back 66

the principle that one sense may influence another as when smell of food influences taste

Front 67

Kinesthesis

Back 67

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Front 68

Vestibular sense

Back 68

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Front 69

Selective attention

Back 69

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect

Front 70

inattentional blindness

Back 70

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Front 71

Gestalt

Back 71

An organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes or groups

Front 72

Figure-ground

Back 72

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

Front 73

Grouping

Back 73

The perpetual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Front 74

Depth perception

Back 74

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional, allows us to judge distance

Front 75

Binocular Cues

Back 75

depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes.

Front 76

retinal Disparity

Back 76

By comparing the images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes the distance. The greater the disparity between images, the greater the distance

Front 77

Convergence

Back 77

A binocular cue for perceiving depth;the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object.

Front 78

Monocular cues

Back 78

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective available to either eye alone

Front 79

Phi phenomenom

Back 79

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Front 80

Perceptual constancy

Back 80

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change (two tables)

Front 81

Perceptual adaptation

Back 81

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Front 82

Perceptual set

Back 82

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Front 83

Human factors psychology

Back 83

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

Front 84

ESP

Back 84

Controversial claim that there is perception without sensory input

Front 85

Parapsychology

Back 85

The study of paranormal phenomena, like ESP and psychokinesis

Front 86

Pre-Attention

Back 86

Automatic registration of features-effortless, awareness, in parallel

Front 87

Focused Attention

Back 87

Integration/processing of multiple features at once-effortful, conscious, in serial

Front 88

Balint's Syndrome

Back 88

People with damage to the brain areas for feature binding, they can't bind scenes

Front 89

Change blindness

Back 89

When we don;t attend something, we don't notice when it changes